Ranney, edited by Nelson W. Polsby and Raymond E. Wolfinger (Berkeley, CA: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 2000). pp. 135–68.
42. For a detailed analysis of the battles between President Clinton and the 104th Congress, see James P. Pfiffner, “President Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the 104th Congress,” pp. 135–68.
43. Irene Rubin, “The Great Unraveling: Federal Budgeting, 1998–2006,” Public Administration Review (July/August 2007), pp. 608–23. See, also, Irene Rubin, “Budgeting during the Bush Administration,” Public Budgeting and Finance (2009).
44. “O’Neill says Cheney told him, ‘Deficits don’t matter,’ ” Chicago Tribune, January 12, 2004.
45. See the testimony and answers to questions by Martha Coven, Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, 115th Congress, 2nd Session, Legislative History of the Joint Select Committee on Budget and Appropriations Process Reform, December 19, 2018, pp. 88–90.
46. Email to the author from Barry Clendenin, former OMB deputy associate director for the Health Division from 1994 to 2008. See, also, Joe White, “The President’s Budget vs. Congressional Budgeting,” in Rivals for Power, p. 242.
47. Congressional Budget Office, The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2018–2028 (April 2018), table 1.3.
48. Ibid., Appendix E-1, p. 145.
49. For a detailed analysis, see Roy T. Meyers, “The Implosion of the Federal Budget Process: Triggers, Commissions, Cliffs, Sequesters, Debt Ceilings, and Shutdown,” Public Budgeting and Finance (2014).
50. Congressional Budget Office, “The Budget and Economic Outlook 2019–2029” (March 2019), p. 105. See also Alicia Parlapiano, “How Congress Has Worked to Avoid the ‘Sequester’ Spending Caps,” New York Times, October 29, 2015.
51. Congressional Budget Office, “Finding for Overseas Contingency Operations and Its Impact on Defense Spending (October 2018) (“At a Glance” box, no page number).
52. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Letter to Senators John McCain and Mac Thornberry, January 10, 2018, updated by Seamus P. Daniels, “Bad Idea: Moving OCO Back into the Base Budget (While Negotiating a Budget Deal),” CSIS, November 2918, pp. 1–6.
53. Aaron Blake, “Trump Won’t Even Try to Balance the Budget Anymore,” Washington Post, February 12, 2018.
54. William G. Gale and others, “Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: A Preliminary Analysis,” Brookings (June 13, 2018).
55. Michael Rainey and Yuval Rosenberg, “Trump Says National Debt Is Not His Problem,” Fiscal Times, December 5, 2018.
56. Jared Bernstein, “Mick Mulvaney Says ‘Nobody Cares’ about Deficits,” Washington Post, February 6, 2019.
57. Colby Itkowitz and David A. Fahrenthold, “Trump Privately Told Donors New Details about Soleimani Airstrike at Mar-a-Lago Fundraiser, Washington Post, January 18, 2020.
58. Congressional Budget Office, “The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2019–2029” (January 2019), p. 1; Congressional Budget Office, “The 2019 Long-Term Budget Outlook” (June 2019), p. 2.
59. Congressional Research Service, “The Federal Budget: Overview and Issues for FY 2019 and Beyond,” (May 21, 2018), p. 7 (author name redacted), pp. 20–22.
60. Ibid.
61. For an insightful and thorough analysis of OMB’s budgetary influence on departments and agencies, see Eloise Pasachoff, “The President’s Budget as a Source of Agency Policy Control,” Yale Law Journal (2016), pp. 2182–290.
62. Shelley Lynne Tomkin, Inside OMB: Politics and Process in the President’s Budget Office (NY: M. E. Sharp, 1998), p. 115.
63. The 686 number comes from Dame and Martin, The Evolution of OMB, p. 93. The 480 and 450 numbers come from OMB: Congressional Budget Submission, FY 2020, p. OMB-8.
64. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 114th Congress, 2nd Session, Policy and Supporting Positions (Plum Book), (December 1, 2016), pp. 5–7.
65. See Martha Coven, “OMB’s Role within the White House,” Paper Presented at the Conference, Serving President and Presidency: The Role of the Office of Management and Budget in Presidential Policy Making, Hofstra University, April 11–12, 2019. Clinton appointed Leon Panetta; Bush 43 appointed Josh Bolten; Obama appointed Jack Lew; and Trump appointed Mick Mulvaney (acting).
66. The Office of Management and Budget: An Insider’s Guide, edited by Steve Redburn and Paul Posner (Washington: White House Transition Project, 2016), p. 10. OMB-wide support offices had 174. The rest of agency personnel worked in statutory offices of Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA, 1980); Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM, 1990); Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP, 1974); Office of E-Government & Information Technology; and Intellectual Property Enforcement Coordinator (2002).
67. Email to the author from Barry Clendenin, former OMB deputy associate director for the Health Division from 1994 to 2008.
68. Bill Heniff Jr., “Congressional Budget Resolutions: Historical Information,” Congressional Research Service (November 16, 2015).
69. Molly E. Reynolds and Peter Hanson, “There Might Not be a Government Shutdown this Year. This Is Big News,” Washington Post, Monkey Cage, September 19, 2018.
70. This analysis is based on Peter Hanson, “Restoring Regular Order in Congressional Appropriations” (Washington: Brookings Economic Studies, November 2015).