Mohamed Bazina / Juan Martin Palomo
10Growth and Treatment Predictions: Accuracy and Reliability Achint Utreja
11Measuring Bone with CBCT Leena Palomo / Tarek Elshebiny / Ali Z. Syed / Juan Martin Palomo
12Common Pathologic Findings in Cephalometric Radiology Paul C. Edwards / James Geist
13The Cost of 2D Versus 3D Radiology Eric Dellinger
14Clinical Cases Ahmed Ghoneima / Katherine Kula
Index
Eman Allam, BDS, PHD, MPH
Postdoctoral Fellow
Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Mohamed Bazina, BDS, MSD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Department of Orthodontics
University of Kentucky
Adjunct Assistant Professor
Department of Orthodontics
School of Dental Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Eric Dellinger, DDS, MSD
Private Practice Limited to Orthodontics
Angola, Indiana
Paul C. Edwards, DDS, MSC
Professor
Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine & Radiology
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Tarek Elshebiny, BDS, MSD
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Orthodontics
School of Dental Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
James Geist, DDS, MS
Professor
Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Director, Oral and Maxillofacial Imaging Center
University of Detroit Mercy
Detroit, Michigan
Ahmed Ghoneima, BDS, PHD, MSD
Chair and Associate Professor, Orthodontics
Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Adjunct Faculty
Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Katherine Kula, MS, DMD, MS
Professor Emeritus
Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Manuel Lagravère, DDS, MSC, PHD
Associate Professor
Division of Orthodontics
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta
Connie P. Ling, DDS, MSC
Private Practice Limited to Orthodontics
Toronto, Ontario
Juan Martin Palomo, DDS, MSD
Professor and Residency Director
Department of Orthodontics
Director of the Craniofacial Imaging Center
School of Dental Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Leena Palomo, DDS, MSD
Associate Professor
Department of Periodontology
School of Dental Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Edwin T. Parks, DMD, MS
Professor
Department of Oral Pathology, Medicine & Radiology
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Ali Z. Syed, BDS, MHA, MS
Assistant Professor
Director of Radiology
School of Dental Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Achint Utreja, BDS, MS, PHD
Assistant Professor and Director, Pre-Doctoral Orthodontics
Director, Mineralized Tissue and Histology Research Laboratory
Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics
Indiana University School of Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana
Introduction to the Use of Cephalometrics
Katherine Kula, MS, DMD, MS Ahmed Ghoneima, BDS, PhD, MSD
Cephalometrics refers to the quantitative evaluation of cephalograms, or the measuring and comparison of hard and soft tissue structures on craniofacial radiographs. It is an evolving science and art that has been woven into orthodontics and the treatment of patients. Cephalograms are an integral part of orthodontic records and are typically used for almost all orthodontic patients. The cephalometric analysis or evaluation helps to confirm or clarify the clinical evaluation of the patient and provide additional information for decisions concerning treatment.
The American Association of Orthodontists (AAO) developed the current Clinical Practice Guidelines for Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics,1 which recommend that initial orthodontic records include examination notes, intraoral and extraoral images, diagnostic casts (stone or digital), and radiographic images. These radiographic images include appropriate intraoral radiographs and/or a panoramic radiograph as well as cephalometric radiographs. A three-dimensional cone beam computed tomograph (3D CBCT) can be substituted for a cephalometric radiograph; however, the routine use of a CBCT is not generally required in orthodontics, so cephalometric radiographs are the current standard.
The