United States. Central Intelligence Agency

The 1990 CIA World Factbook


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over) totaling 498,354 GRT/804,809 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 2 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 10 bulk; note—in addition, 1 naval tanker and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially

      Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft

      Airports: 392 total, 352 usable; 49 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over 3,659 m; 11 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 57 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

      Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio relay facilities; 768,000 telephones; stations—159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11 shortwave; satellite stations—2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3 domestic

      - Defense Forces

       Branches: Army of the Nation, National Navy, Air Force of the Nation,

       Carabineros of Chile

      Military manpower: males 15–49, 3,491,854; 2,610,048 fit for military service; 118,569 reach military age (19) annually

      Defense expenditures: 4.0% of GDP (1987)—————————————————————————— Country: China (also see separate Taiwan entry) - Geography Total area: 9,596,960 km2; land area: 9,326,410 km2

      Comparative area: slightly larger than the US

      Land boundaries: 23,213.34 km total; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km,

       Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, North Korea 1,416 km,

       Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km,

       USSR 7,520 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

      Coastline: 14,500 km

      Maritime claims:

      Territorial sea: 12 nm

      Disputes: boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve four disputed sections of the boundary with the USSR (Pamir, Argun, Amur, and Khabarovsk areas); a short section of the boundary with North Korea is indefinite; Hong Kong is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region in 1997; Portuguese territory of Macau is scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region in 1999; sporadic border clashes with Vietnam; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam; maritime boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands)

      Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

      Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east

      Natural resources: coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential

      Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 31% meadows and pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 45% other; includes 5% irrigated

      Environment: frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; desertification

      Note: world's third-largest country (after USSR and Canada)

      - People

       Population: 1,118,162,727 (July 1990), growth rate 1.4% (1990)

      Birth rate: 22 births/1,000 population (1990)

      Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

      Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

      Infant mortality rate: 34 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

      Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 69 years female (1990)

      Total fertility rate: 2.3 children born/woman (1990)

      Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective—Chinese

      Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi,

       Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities

      Religion: officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2–3% Muslim, 1% Christian

      Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see ethnic divisions)

      Literacy: over 75%

      Labor force: 513,000,000; 61.1% agriculture and forestry, 25.2% industry and commerce, 4.6% construction and mining, 4.5% social services, 4.6% other (1986 est.)

      Organized labor: All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the urban work force (1985)

      - Government

       Long-form name: People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC

      Type: Communist Party-led state

      Capital: Beijing

      Administrative divisions: 23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural); Anhui, Beijing**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai**, Shanxi, Sichuan, Tianjin**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note—China considers Taiwan its 23rd province

      Independence: unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC,

       Qing (Ch'ing or Manchu) Dynasty replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912,

       People's Republic established 1 October 1949

      Constitution: 4 December 1982

      Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

      National holiday: National Day, 1 October (1949)

      Executive branch: president, vice president, premier, three vice premiers,

       State Council, Central Military Commission (de facto)

      Legislative branch: unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo

       Renmin Daibiao Dahui)

      Judicial branch: Supreme People's Court

      Leaders:

       Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto)—DENG

       Xiaoping (since mid-1977);

      Chief of State—President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988);

       Vice President WANG Zhen (since 8 April 1988);

      Head of Government—Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since

       24 November 1987, Premier since 9 April 1988);

       Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979);

       Vice Premier TIAN Jiyun (since 20 June 1983);

       Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988)

      Political parties and leaders: only party—Chinese Communist Party

       (CCP), Jiang Zemin, general secretary of the Central Committee

      Suffrage: universal at age 18

      Elections:

       President—last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993);

       Yang Shangkun was elected by the Seventh National People's Congress;

      National