Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes. Richard I. G. Holt

HbA_1c (to diagnose diabetes)^e ≥47 mmol/mol ≥6.5 % Insulin Fasting <69.5 pmol/L <10 mU/L When glucose <2.5 mmol/L (<45 mg/dL) <34.7 pmol/L <5 mU/L When glucose <1.5 mmol/L (<27 mg/dL) <13.9 pmol/L <2 mU/L Insulin‐like growth factor I^f 25–39 years 114–492 ng/mL – – 40–54 years 90–360 ng/mL – – >54 years 71–290 ng/mL – – Luteinizing hormone (LH) Males 0.5–9.0 U/L – – Females Early follicular phase 0.5–14.5 U/L – – Postmenopausal >20 U/L – – Metanephrine 0–0.5 nmol/L 0–99 pg/mL Metanephrine (urine) 0–2.0 μmol/24 h 24–96 μg/24 h Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) 0–3.5 nmol/L 0–600 pg/mL Norepinephrine (urine) 0–0.2 μmol/24 h 15–80 μg/24 h Normetanephrine 0–1.0 nmol/L 0–180 pg/mL Normetanephrine (urine) 0–3.0 μmol/24 h 75–375 μg/24 h Oestradiol Males 37–130 pmol/L 10–35 pg/mL Females Early follicular phase 70–600 pmol/L 19–160 pg/mL Mid‐cycle 700–1900 pmol/L 188–371 pg/mL Luteal phase 300–1250 pmol/L 81–337 pg/mL Pancreatic polypetide (fasting) 0–100 pmol/L 0–418.5 pg/mL Parathyroid hormone (PTH) 0–4.4 pmol/L 0–41.5 pg/mL Prolactin 80–500 mU/L 3.8–23.6 ng/mL Progesterone (day 21, luteal phase) >30 nmol/L >9.4 ng/mL Renin (AM; out of bed for 2 h; seated 5–15 min)^{a , g} 2–30 mU/L 0.9–13.6 pg/mL Sex hormone‐binding globulin Females 40–120 nmol/L – – Males 20–60 nmol/L – – Somatostatin (fasting) 0–150 pmol/L 0–245 pg/mL Testosterone Males 8–35 nmol/L 230–1000 ng/mL Females 0.7–3.0 nmol/L 20–85 ng/mL Thyroglobulin 1.5–30 pmol/L 1–20 μg/L Thyroid‐stimulating