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List of Tables
1 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Comparison of two slowest modes for original model and equivalent m...Table 2.2 Comparison of first swing amplitudes.Table 2.3 Sensitivity of virtual reactances to voltage variations.Table 2.4 Comparison of modal analysis results.Table 2.5 Comparison of frequency dynamics using the washout filter and propo...Table 2.6 Computational burden of different bus frequency estimators.Table 2.7 Computational burden of different bus frequency estimators.Table 2.8 Uncertainty analysis of the equivalencing.
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Frequency dynamics error for NYNE test system under 5.6% penetratio...Table 3.2 Frequency dynamics error for NYNE test system under 8% penetration ...Table 3.3 Maximum phase angle difference in deg.Table 3.4 Minimum permissible rotational inertia in response to tripping G14.Table 3.5 Maximum penetration level for 16‐machine test system.Table 3.6 Maximum inertia reduction for 50‐machine test system.Table 3.7 Critical modes of the base system.Table 3.8 Critical mode detrimentally affected by high MGs.Table 3.9 Eigenvalue sensitivity analysis in the 20% MGs penetration.
3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Economical parameters related to the optimization problem [42, 43].Table 4.2 Technical parameters related to the optimization problem [41].Table 4.3 Optimization results in three‐area system.Table 4.4 Modal analysis of the systems with virtual inertia.Table 4.5 Optimization results in two‐area system.Table 4.6 Frequency indicators of two‐area system before and after the applic...Table 4.7 Transients stability assessment.Table 4.8 Optimization results in NYNE test system.Table 4.9 Optimization results in New England system.Table 4.10 Sensitivity analysis.Table 4.11 Critical modes of the base system.
4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 The Markov clustering algorithm.Table 5.2 Short‐circuit levels (MVA) for the 400‐kV transmission network.Table 5.3 The largest attenuation valuesαij computed using (5.4). Base o...Table 5.4 Candidate pilot buses selected using the information from electrica...Table 5.5 Bus pilot nodes selected from the identification of reactive power ...Table 5.6 Selected system measurements.Table 5.7 Contingency scenarios selected for analysis.Table 5.8 Clustering of bus voltage signals usingc‐means.Table 5.9 Top 10 (unnormalized) entries of the voltage‐based DMD eigenvector ...Table 5.10 The five largest interaction coefficientsmij computed using (5.5) ...
5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Comparison of maximum penetration level for NYNE test system with a...Table 6.2 Required ESS capacity to enable high penetration of MG.
6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Hankel‐based Prony analysis algorithm.Table 7.2 Krylov‐based DMD algorithm.Table 7.3 Load‐flow data.Table 7.4 Transmission line data.Table 7.5 Transformer data.Table 7.6 Electromechanical modes of the system.Table 7.7 Electromechanical modes of the system (Case B with a wind farm at b...Table 7.8 Electromechanical modes of the system (Case C with a WF farm at bus...Table 7.9 Electromechanical modes of the system (Case D with wind farms at bu...Table 7.10 Multisignal Prony analysis for speed deviations and generator acti...Table 7.11 DMD analysis of generator bus frequency deviations.Table 7.12 Voltage‐based mode shape of the interarea mode at 1.35 Hz extracte...Table 7.13 Clusters determined fromc‐means analysis of generator bus frequenc...Table 7.14 Characteristics of DFIGs used in the study.Table 7.15 Slowest interarea modes of the system.Table 7.16 Contingency scenarios selected for the study.Table 7.17 Frequencies and damping extracted from generator speed deviations ...Table 7.18 Modal extraction analysis for simulation results in Figure 7.18.Table 7.19 Comparison of Koopman and DMD results for data set 2.
7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Summary of the main generation in Area 6.Table 8.2 Main characteristics of DFIG WFs in Area 6.Table 8.3 Contingency scenarios selected for the study.Table 8.4 Koopman analysis of rotor speed deviations for different contingenc...Table 8.5 Phase relationships for dominant system generators extracted from g...Table 8.6 The slowest modes of oscillation of the test system (contingency sc...Table 8.7 Prony results for frequency deviation signals in Figure 8.14 follow...Table 8.8 SVC reactive power as a function of WFs’ loading. The voltage contr...Table 8.9 Prony analysis of selected bus voltage magnitudes.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Conceptual structure of a virtual synchronous generator.Figure 1.2 An overall data‐driven control framework for renewable integrated...Figure 1.3 PMU‐based wide‐area measurement system and control.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Area i illustrating the notion of the local COI. Dashed lines ind...Figure 2.2 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the n...Figure 2.3 Single‐line diagram of two‐area system.Figure 2.4 Simple Turbine Governor model (r = 25, Ts = 0.1, T3 = 0.0, T4 = 1...Figure 2.5 Frequency responses of two‐area system following the loss of 14 p...Figure 2.6 Single line diagram of the NYNE system showing coherent areas and...Figure 2.7 System response for contingency scenario CS1; (a) frequency respo...Figure 2.8 (a) Frequency responses of NYNE system for contingency scenario C...Figure 2.9 Frequency responses of different strategies for contingency scena...Figure 2.10 Frequency and voltage responses of 16‐machine for contingency sc...Figure 2.11 Frequency responses of 16‐machine for contingency scenario CS4....Figure 2.12 Frequency responses of 50‐machine system following a three‐phase...Figure 2.13 Frequency responses of 50‐machine system including wind power fa...Figure 2.14 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the ...Figure 2.15 Interconnected power system divided into areas illustrating the ...Figure 2.16 Equivalent model of two‐area system.Figure 2.17 Frequency responses of two‐area system for the outage of generat...Figure 2.18 Frequency responses of two‐area system for tripping of load.Figure 2.19 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 1.Figure 2.20 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 2.Figure 2.21 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 3.Figure 2.22 Frequency responses of NYNE system for scenario 4.Figure 2.23 Three‐phase schematic representation of the UOK‐MG; WT, wind tur...Figure 2.24 Genset controller scheme; MQ, slope of Q − V d...Figure 2.25 Fuel controller of Genset; Ktf, torque to fuel conversion ratio....Figure 2.26 Simplified model of the IC engine; ηthr, thermal constant; Figure 2.27 Exciter model; τe, exciter machine time constant.Figure 2.28 Voltage regulation diagram; Kvi, integral controller gain; Kvp, ...Figure 2.29 Dynamics of Genset in response to turn on 4 kW load at 2 seconds...Figure 2.30 Inverter‐based DG block diagram; m, modulating index; θ(t),...Figure 2.31 Ideal source model.Figure 2.32 Inverter‐based controller scheme.Figure 2.33 Experimental and simulated waveforms for real and reactive power...Figure 2.34 A conceptual scheme of the proposed MG dynamic equivalent model....Figure 2.35 Flowchart representation of the equivalencing approach.Figure 2.36 Experimental waveforms for real power and frequency output for M...Figure 2.37 Relationship between MG inertia and ratio of Genset to MG capaci...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Flowchart representation of the proposed analytical approach to e...Figure 3.2 Single line diagram of the 68‐bus system showing coherent areas a...Figure 3.3 Area 2 frequency in response to reduction of COI.Figure 3.4 Schematic description for the maximum MG penetration level.Figure 3.5 Area 2 frequency response in response to reduction of COI.Figure 3.6 Extracted relationship between damping ratio and penetration leve...Figure 3.7 Single‐line diagram of the test system.Figure 3.8 (a) Maximum active power injection per bus and (b) voltage magnit...Figure 3.9 Maximum active power injection per bus for various power factor....
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Conceptual and general structure of VSG.Figure 4.2 Basic control scheme of a VSG.Figure 4.3 IEEE 9‐bus system.Figure 4.4 System response for a 10‐MW load increase at Bus 9.Figure 4.5 System response for a 20‐MW step decrease in G3 power command.Figure 4.6 Power grid with HVDC system.Figure 4.7 HVDC system as a primary source for grid frequency