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Marek Glezerman, MD
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center
IL-49100 Petah Tiqwa (Israel)
Tel. +972 3 6952443, E-Mail [email protected]
Social and Biological Determinants in Health and Disease
Schenck-Gustafsson K, DeCola PR, Pfaff DW, Pisetsky DS (eds): Handbook of Clinical Gender Medicine.
Basel, Karger, 2012, pp 52–67
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Pierre D.E. Mouriquanda · Justine M. Schoberb
aDepartment of Pediatric Urology, Hôpital Mère-Enfants - Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France; bDepartment of Urology, UPMC Hamot, Erie, Pa., USA
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Abstract
Developmental biology discoveries have advanced our understanding of anatomic details of the process and influences of genital formation. Although all malformations of the urinary and genital tracts are not yet explained by embryology, some malformations can be related to stages of development and hormonal or genetic factors. We continue to elucidate genes, proteins, and pathways related to sexual differentiation and organotypic features. Understanding the androgen and estrogen receptor status of genital tissue is critical to medical and surgical therapy considerations impacting the surface integrity of urogenital epithelium. Continuing elucidation of the embryology and immunohistochemistry of urogenital tissue may be a step toward the development of molecular tools to treat urogenital abnormalities. This chapter outlines the embryology, known causes, diagnostic categorization, and considerations for ambiguous genitalia.
Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Sex