at diagnosis of acromegaly: a study in 148 patients. Pituitary 2014;17:81–89.
20Ciresi A, Amato MC, Pivonello R, Nazzari E, Grasso LF, Minuto F, Ferone D, Colao A, Giordano C: The metabolic profile in active acromegaly is gender-specific. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E51–E59.
21Mercado M, Espinosa de los Monteros AL, Sosa E, Cheng S, Mendoza V, Hernandez I, Sandoval C, Guinto G, Molina M: Clinical-biohcemical correlations in acromegaly at diagnosis and the real prevalence of biochemically-discordant disease. Horm Res 2004;62:293–299.
22Bates AS, Evans AJ, Jones P, Clayton RN: Assessment of GH status in acromegaly using serum growth hormone, serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and urinary growth hormone excretion. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1995;42:417–423.
23Maione L, Brue T, Beckers A, Delemer B, Petrossians P, Borson-Chazot F, Chabre O, Francois P, Bertherat J, Cortet-Rudelli C, Chanson P: Changes in the management and comorbidities of acromegaly over three decades: the French acromegaly registry. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;176:645–655.
24Bates AS, Van’t Hoff W, Jones JM, Clayton RN: An audit of outcome of treatment in acromegaly. Q J Med 1993;86:293–299.
25Arosio M, Reimondo G, Malchiodi E, Berchialla P, Borraccino A, De Marinis L, Pivonello R, Grottoli S, Losa M, Cannavò S, Minuto F, Montini M, Bondanelli M, De Menis E, Martini C, Angeletti G, Velardo A, Peri A, Faustini-Fustini M, Tita P, Pigliaru F, Borretta G, Scaroni C, Bazzoni N, Bianchi A, Appetecchia M, Cavagnini F, Lombardi G, Ghigo E, Beck-Peccoz P, Colao A, Terzolo M; Italian Study Group of Acromegaly: Predictors of morbidity and mortality in acromegaly: an Italian survey. Eur J Endocrinol 2012;167:189–198.
26Mercado M, Gonzalez B, Vargas G, Ramirez C, de los Monteros AL, Sosa E, Jervis P, Roldan P, Mendoza V, López-Félix B, Guinto G: Successful mortality reduction and control of comorbidities in patients with acromegaly followed at a highly specialized multidisciplinary clinic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:4438–4446.
27Giordano C, Ciresi A, Amato MC, et al: Clinical and metabolic effects of first-line treatment with somatostatin analogues or surgery in acromegaly: a retrospective and comparative study. Pituitary 2012;15:539–551.
28Colao A, Pivonello R, Galderisi M, Cappabianca P, Auriemma RS, Galdiero M, Cavallo LM, Esposito F, Lombardi G: Impact of treating acromegaly first with surgery or somatostatin analogs on cardiomyopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:2639–2646.
29Kinoshita Y, Fujii H, Takeshita A, Taguchi M, Miyakawa M, Oyama K, Yamada S, Takeuchi Y: Impaired glucose metabolism in Japanese patients with acromegaly is restored after successful pituitary surgery if pancreatic {beta}-cell function is preserved. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;164:467–473.
30Singh V, Brendel MD, Zacharias S, Mergler S, Jahr H, Wiedenmann B, Bretzel RG, Plöckinger U, Strowski MZ: Characterization of somatostatin receptor subtype-specific regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion: an in vitro study on isolated human pancreatic islets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:673–680.
31Mazziotti G, Floriani I, Bonadonna S, Torri V, Chanson P, Giustina A: Effects of somatostatin analogs on glucose homeostasis: a metaanalysis of acromegaly studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1500–1508.
32Jonas C, Maiter D, Alexopoulou O: Evolution of Glucose Tolerance After Treatment of Acromegaly: A Study in 57 patients. Horm Metab Res 2016;48:299–305.
33Mercado M, Espinosa E, Ramírez C: Current status and future directions of pharmacological therapy for acromegaly. Minerva Endocrinol 2016;41:351–365.
34Colao A, Bronstein MD, Freda P, Gu F, Shen CC, Gadelha M, Fleseriu M, van der Lely AJ, Farrall AJ, Hermosillo Reséndiz K, Ruffin M, Chen Y, Sheppard M; Pasireotide C2305 Study Group: Pasireotide versus octreotide in acromegaly: a head-to-head superiority study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:791–799.
35Gadelha MR, Bronstein MD, Brue T, Coculescu M, Fleseriu M, Guitelman M, Pronin V, Raverot G, Shimon I, Lievre KK, Fleck J, Aout M, Pedroncelli AM, Colao A; Pasireotide C2402 Study Group: Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014;2:875–884.
36Henry RR, Ciaraldi TP, Armstrong D, Burke P, Ligueros-Saylan M, Mudaliar S: Hyperglycemia associated with pasireotide: results from a mechanistic study in healthy volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3446–3453.
37Chaves VE, Júnior FM, Bertolini GL: The metabolic effects of growth hormone in adipose tissue. Endocrine 2013;44:293–302.
38Stanley TL, Grinspoon SK: Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone on visceral fat, metabolic, and cardiovascular indices in human studies. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015;25:59–65.
39Beentjes JA, van Tol A, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP: Low plasma lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and lipid transfer protein activities in growth hormone deficient and acromegalic men: role in altered high density lipoproteins. Atherosclerosis 2000;153:491–498.
40Arosio M, Sartore G, Rossi CM, Casati G, Faglia G, Manzato E: LDL physical properties, lipoprotein and Lp(a) levels in acromegalic patients. Effects of octreotide therapy. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Atherosclerosis 2000;151:551–557.
41Vijayakumar A, Novosyadlyy R, Wu Y, Yakar S, Le-Roith D: Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Growth Horm IGF Res 2010;20:1–7.
42Parkinson C, Drake WM, Wieringa G, Yates AP, Besser GM, Trainer PJ: Serum lipoprotein changes following IGF-I normalization using a growth hormone receptor antagonist in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;56:303–311.
43Hodish I, Barkan A: Long-term effects of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 2008;4:324–332.
44Olefsky JM, Glass CK: Macrophages, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Annu Rev Physiol 2010;72:219–246.
45Tilg H, Moschen AR: Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nature Rev Immunol 2006;6:772–783.