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The Impact of Nutrition and Diet on Oral Health


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to increase our knowledge of oral disease aetiology and focus on oral health promotion and preventive strategies including the control of diet and nutritional risk factors.

      © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel

      Introduction

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      Fig. 1. a Erosive tooth wear, b dental caries, c oral cancer, d periodontal disease.

      Oral conditions are included among the non-communicable diseases, which also include diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic lung disease. These are regarded as the leading causes of the disease burden and mortality worldwide. Today, it is also known that there is a strong connection between oral disease and the 4 main non-communicable diseases.

      Oral health cannot be looked upon in isolation. The mouth is a window into the health of the body and signs of nutritional deficiencies may be seen in the mouth at an early stage, in the form of mouth lesions or other oral disorders. The global aim is lifelong oral health for everyone! Diet, nutrition, tobacco use, harmful alcohol use, and oral hygiene should be regarded as modifiable risk-behaviour factors. Methods are currently available to prevent a large number of oral diseases. To control oral health, it is important to increase our knowledge of oral disease aetiology, develop standardised measurement tools, and focus on oral health promotion and preventive strategies including the effective control of diet and nutritional risk factors. This chapter aims to discuss in greater detail dental caries, dental erosion/erosive tooth wear, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and dry mouth condition from this perspective. Figure 1 shows examples of the first four conditions.

      Dental Caries

      Introduction and Prevalence

      Aetiology and Pathogenesis

      Disease Prevention

      Individual risk assessment and the early diagnosis of disease symptoms are important factors in disease management. Special attention should be paid to high-risk individuals within populations. Following the ecological principles of disease, a holistic approach to caries control should be adopted with the emphasis on disease prevention, where the establishment of a stable, positive oral condition may reduce the risk for the onset of disease and slow the disease progression. Strategies for creating an oral environment of this kind include inhibiting biofilm development and the enhancement of the host defence factors, where fluoride application, oral hygiene performance and dietary changes in particular play a key role. Tooth brushing twice daily with fluoridated toothpaste is the basic recommendation for individuals of all ages, with the amount of fluoride modified according to age and risk level. The stimulation of salivary flow to adequate levels is important for individuals with dry mouth conditions. Restorative treatment may be necessary for more advanced carious lesions, but this does not reduce the risk of disease. As diet plays a central role in disease initiation and the further development of disease, it is considered important to include other health professionals such as dieticians and nutritionists in caries-prevention programmes.

      Erosion and Erosive Tooth Wear

      Introduction and Prevalence