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Democracy, Liberty, and Property


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      Democracy, Liberty, and Property

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      This book is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals.

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      The cuneiform inscription that serves as our logo and as a design element in Liberty Fund books is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash.

      Original © 1966 by The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. Originally published as part of the American Heritage Series under the general editorship of Leonard W. Levy and Alfred Young. Foreword to the Liberty Fund edition and index © 2010 by Liberty Fund, Inc.

      This eBook edition published in 2011.

      eBook ISBN: E-PUB 978-1-61487-134-7

       www.libertyfund.org

      CONTENTS

       8. Daniel Webster on Representation

       9. “Address to the People”

      TABLES

       1.1 The Massachusetts Counties in Relation to Legislative Representation

       1.2 The Division of the Vote by Counties on Two Questions in the Massachusetts Convention

       10. Statement of the Votes for and against the Articles of Amendment, in the Several Counties

       II The New York Convention of 1821

       Introduction

       Chronology

       11. The Council of Revision and the Veto Power

       12. The Term of the Governor

       13. The Appointive Power

       14. The Senate and the Suffrage

       15. The Negro and the Suffrage

       16. Blasphemy and Libel

       17. Reform of the Judiciary

      TABLES

       2.1 The Vote by Districts on the Convention Bill, Suffrage, and Judicial Reform, and the Revised Constitution, in the New York Convention

       2.2 The Vote of Radicals and Conservatives on Selected Questions in the New York Convention

       III The Virginia Convention of 1829–1830s

       Introduction

       Chronology

       Representation

       18. Cooke on Democratic Representation

       19. Upshur on Majorities and Minorities

       20. Doddridge in Rebuttal

       21. Leigh on Power and Property

       22. Randolph on the Federal Issue

       23. Marshall on Compromise

       24. Summers on the Gordon Plan

       25. Gordon on the Gordon Plan

       The Suffrage

       26. The Non-Freeholders’ Memorial

       27. The Freehold Suffrage Defended

       28. The Reformers’ Rebuttal

       Structure and Change

       29. The Executive

       30. The County Courts

       31. The Amendment Article

       32. The Question of Ratification

      TABLES

       3.1 Population and Representation in Virginia by Districts, 1820–1830, and the Vote on Ratification of the Constitution of 1830

       3.2 The Sectional Division on Selected Questions in the Virginia Convention

       Index

       Notes

      This volume reproduces key debates from the important constitutional conventions held in Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia during the 1820s. The New York and Virginia conventions drafted constitutions to replace the original constitutions in those states, and voters by sizable majorities approved the new charters. The Massachusetts convention proposed a series of amendments to the state’s first (and only) constitution, several of which were approved by voters. The constitutional changes that the conventions introduced not only affected political development in the three states but also, given the states’ preeminence within their regions, influenced constitutional change in neighboring states.

      In embarking on constitutional reform during this period, Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia were hardly unique. During the first half of the nineteenth century, Americans enthusiastically embraced the view, asserted in the Virginia Declaration of Rights, that “no free