Группа авторов

Bovine Reproduction


Скачать книгу

      Continuous Caudal Epidural Anesthesia

      Continuous caudal epidural anesthesia is used in cattle with chronic rectal and vaginal prolapse that experience continuous straining after the initial epidural. This procedure is performed by placing a catheter into the epidural space for intermittent administration of local anesthetic. A 17‐gauge, 5‐cm spinal needle (Tuohy needle) with stylet in place is inserted into the epidural space at Co1 to Co2 with the bevel directed craniad. The stylet is removed, and 2 ml of local anesthetic is injected to determine if the needle is in the epidural space. A catheter is inserted into the needle and advanced cranially for 2–4 cm beyond the needle tip. The needle is then withdrawn while the catheter remains in place (Figure 17.4b). An adapter is placed on the end of the catheter and the catheter secured to the skin on the dorsum. Local anesthetic solution may then be administered as needed [2].

      Additives or Alternatives to Local Anesthetic Epidural Anesthesia

      Alcohol has been used previously to desensitize the perineum for a prolonged period and in some cases permanently. Alcohol administered by this route can lead to demyelination of nerves. This can result in damage more cranial than the perineum and could effectively paralyze the patient if it were to travel up the nerve root and into the sciatic nerve. Therefore its use in epidural anesthesia is not recommended [9].

      Sacral Paravertebral Anesthesia

Photos depict dorsal view (a) and lateral view (b) of S3, S4, and S5 foramina with needle placement.

      Source: Image courtesy of Douglas Hostetler.

Photo depicts sacral paravertebral.

      Source: Image courtesy of Douglas Hostetler.

      Desensitization of the Internal Pudendal Nerve Block