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Liquid Biofuels


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333 30 20/90 96.9 [65] Waste fish oil Sulfonated activated carbon Esterification 14.85:1 11.4% 328 60 20/296 56 [66] Waste cooking oil Sulfonated carbon catalyst from cyclodextrin Transesterification 16:1 11.5% 390 8.8 25 kHz 90.8 [67, 68] Palm fatty acid distillate Sulfonated cellulose Transesterification 6:1 3% 333 180 20/120 81.2 [69] Waste cooking oil Tri–potassium phosphate Transesterification 6:1 3% 323 90 22/375 92 [70] Crude Jatropha oil carbon–supported heteropoly acid Transesterification 20:1 4% 323 60 20/400 87.33 [71] Crude Jatropha oil Cesium doped heteropoly acid Transesterification 25:1 3% 327 34 20/400 90.5 [72]



Oil (source) Enzyme Support Molar ratio (alcohol to oil) Enzyme loading (w/w) Reaction temperature (K) Time (min) Ultrasonic frequency/power (kHz/W) Yield (%) Reference
Mixed oil Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus Commercially immobilized 7.64:1 3.55% 309 120 35/35 90 [73]
Soybean and Waste frying oil Lipozyme TL-IM, RM-IM Novozym 435 Commercially immobilized 9:1 15% 298 720 40/220 90 [74]
Macauba and Soybean oil Lipase from Candida antarctica Macroporous anionic resin 3:1 20% 343 120 20/40 88 [75]
Canola oil Lipase from Candida rugosa Commercially immobilized 5:1 0.23% 303 90 20/40-200 99 [76]
Waste lard Lipase B from Candida antarctica Commercially immobilized 4:1 6% 323 20 20/500 96.8 [77]
Waste tallow Lipase B from Candida antarctica Commercially immobilized 4:1 6% 323 20 20/500 85.6 [78]
Sunflower oil Lipase from T. lanuginosu Immobilized on silica granules 3:1 3% 313 240 40/120 96 [79]
Macauba coconut oil Lipase B from Candida antarctica Macroporous anionic resin 9:1 20% 338 30 40/132 70 [80]
Soybean oil Lipase B from Candida antarctica Macroporous anionic resin 3:1 20% 343 60 40/132 78 [81]
Waste cooking oil Lipase from T. lanuginose Silica-iron oxide nano- particles 4.34:1 43.6% 303