333
Table 2.1(C) Ultrasound-assisted immobilized enzyme catalysed biodiesel synthesis case studies.
Oil (source) | Enzyme | Support | Molar ratio (alcohol to oil) | Enzyme loading (w/w) | Reaction temperature (K) | Time (min) | Ultrasonic frequency/power (kHz/W) | Yield (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mixed oil | Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus | Commercially immobilized | 7.64:1 | 3.55% | 309 | 120 | 35/35 | 90 | [73] |
Soybean and Waste frying oil | Lipozyme TL-IM, RM-IM Novozym 435 | Commercially immobilized | 9:1 | 15% | 298 | 720 | 40/220 | 90 | [74] |
Macauba and Soybean oil | Lipase from Candida antarctica | Macroporous anionic resin | 3:1 | 20% | 343 | 120 | 20/40 | 88 | [75] |
Canola oil | Lipase from Candida rugosa | Commercially immobilized | 5:1 | 0.23% | 303 | 90 | 20/40-200 | 99 | [76] |
Waste lard | Lipase B from Candida antarctica | Commercially immobilized | 4:1 | 6% | 323 | 20 | 20/500 | 96.8 | [77] |
Waste tallow | Lipase B from Candida antarctica | Commercially immobilized | 4:1 | 6% | 323 | 20 | 20/500 | 85.6 | [78] |
Sunflower oil | Lipase from T. lanuginosu | Immobilized on silica granules | 3:1 | 3% | 313 | 240 | 40/120 | 96 | [79] |
Macauba coconut oil | Lipase B from Candida antarctica | Macroporous anionic resin | 9:1 | 20% | 338 | 30 | 40/132 | 70 | [80] |
Soybean oil | Lipase B from Candida antarctica | Macroporous anionic resin | 3:1 | 20% | 343 | 60 | 40/132 | 78 | [81] |
Waste cooking oil | Lipase from T. lanuginose | Silica-iron oxide nano- particles | 4.34:1 | 43.6% | 303 |