for useful suggestions to this chapter and to all of my students for supporting my research.
References
1. Bandaranayake, W.M., Quality Control, Screening, Toxicity, and Regulation of Herbal Drugs. Mod. Phytomedicine Turn. Med. Plants into Drugs, I. Ahmad, F. Aqil, M. Owais, (Eds.), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, Weinheim, 2006.
2. Leung, E.L., Cao, Z.W., Jiang, Z.H., Zhou, H., Liu, L., Network-based drug discovery by integrating systems biology and computational technologies. Brief. Bioinformatics, 14, 491–505, 2013.
3. Mohamed, I., Shuid, A., Borhanuddin, B., Fozi, N., The Application of Phytomedicine in Modern Drug Development. Internet J. Herb. Plant Med., 1, 1–9, 2012.
4. Silva Junior, J.O.C., Ribeiro Costa, R.M., Martins, F., Ramos Barbos, W.L., Chap. 11, in: Quality Control of Herbal Medicines and Related Areas, Y. Shoyama, (Ed.), pp. 195–222, Intechopen, Croatia, Shanghai, 2011.
5. Hussain, K., Majeed, M.T., Ismail, Z., Sadikun, A., Ibrahim, P., Traditional and complementary medicines: Quality assessment strategies and safe usage. South. Med. Rev., 2, 19–23, 2009.
6. Kaur, J., Kaur, S., Mahajan, A., Herbal Medicines: Possible Risks and Benefits. Am. J. Phytomedicine Clin. Ther., 1, 226–239, 2013.
7. Abdel-Aziz, S.M. and Aeron, A.A.K.T., Microbes in Food and Health, N. Garg, S.M. Abdel-Aziz, A. Aeron, (Eds.), pp. 97–116, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 2016.
8. WHO, WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants, World Health, Geneva, 2003.
9. Zhang, J., Wider, B., Shang, H., Li, X., Ernst, E., Quality of herbal medicines: Challenges and solutions. Complement. Ther. Med., 20, 100–106, 2012.
10. Tarkang, P.A., Appiah-Opong, R., Ofori, M.F., Ayong, L.S., Nyarko, A.K., Application of multi-target phytotherapeutic concept in malaria drug discovery: A systems biology approach in biomarker identification. Biomark. Res., 4, 1–16, 2016.
11. Pferschy-Wenzig, E.M. and Bauer, R., The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav., 52, 344–362, 2015.
12. Mukherjee, P.K., Phyto-Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals and Their Evaluation, in: Qual. Control Eval. Herb. Drugs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, Cambridge, 2019.
13. Fadzil, N.F., Wagiran, A., Salleh, F.M., Abdullah, S., Izham, N.H.M., Authenticity testing and detection of Eurycoma longifolia in commercial herbal products using bar-high resolution melting analysis. Genes (Basel), 9, 1–12, 2018.
14. Yu, N., Wei, Y.-l., Zhu, Y., Zhu, N., Wang, Y.-l., Zhang, H.-p., Sun, A.-d., Integrated approach for identifying and evaluating the quality of Marsdenia tenacissima in the medicine market. PLoS One, 13, 1–11, 2018.
15. Folashade, O., Omoregie, H., Ochogu, P., Standardization of herbal medicines—A review. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv., 4, 101–112, 2012.
16. Cuadros-Rodríguez, L., Ruiz-Samblás, C., Valverde-Som, L., Pérez-Castaño, E., González-Casado, A., Chromatographic fingerprinting: An innovative approach for food “identitation” and food authentication—A tutorial. Anal. Chim. Acta, 909, 9–23, 2016.
17. Rivera, D., Allkin, R., Obón, C., Alcaraz, F., Verpoorte, R., Heinrich, M., What is in a name? The need for accurate scientific nomenclature for plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 152, 393–402, 2014.
18. Ganie, S.H., Upadhyay, P., Das, S., Prasad Sharma, M., Authentication of medicinal plants by DNA markers. Plant Genet., 4, 83–99, 2015.
19. Joharchi, M.R. and Amiri, M.S., Taxonomic evaluation of misidentification of crude herbal drugs marketed in Iran. Avicenna J. Phytomed., 2, 105–112, 2012.
20. Wang, P. and Yu, Z., Species authentication and geographical origin discrimination of herbal medicines by near infrared spectroscopy: A review. J. Pharm. Anal., 5, 277–284, 2015.
21. Bittner, M., Schenk, R., Melzig, M.F., Alternative approach to species identification of Actaea racemosa L. (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt., black cohosh) herbal starting material: UV spectroscopy coupled with LDA. Phytochem. Lett., 18, 220–225, 2016.
22. Asif, M., Jafari, S.F., Iqbal, Z., Revadigar, V., Oon, C.E., Majid, A.S.A., Majid, A.M.S.A., Ethnobotanical and phytopharmacological attributes of Mesua ferrea: A mini review. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 7, 242–251, 2017.
23. Ghosh, D., Quality issues of herbal medicines: Internal and external factors. Int. J. Complement. Altern. Med., 11, 2–4, 2018.
24. Kang, J., Lee, S., Kang, S., Kwon, H.N., Park, J.H., Kwon, S.W., Park, S., NMR-based metabolomics approach for the differentiation of ginseng (Panax ginseng) roots from different origins. Arch. Pharm. Res., 31, 330–336, 2008.
25. Costa, J., Campos, B., Amaral, J.S., Nunes, M.E., Oliveira, M.B.P.P., Mafra, I., HRM analysis targeting ITS1 and matK loci as potential DNA mini-barcodes for the authentication of Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum androsaemum in herbal infusions. Food Control, 61, 105–114, 2016.
26. Yu, N., Gu, H., Wei, Y., Zhu, N., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., Zhu, Y., Zhang, X., Ma, C., Sun, A., Suitable DNA barcoding for identification and supervision of piper kadsura in Chinese medicine markets. Molecules, 21, 1–10, 2016.
27. Srirama, R., Santhosh Kumar, J.U., Seethapathy, G.S., Newmaster, S.G., Ragupathy, S., Ganeshaiah, K.N., Uma Shaanker, R., Ravikanth, G., Species Adulteration in the Herbal Trade: Causes, Consequences and Mitigation. Drug Saf., 40, 651–661, 2017.
28. Mercado-Feliciano, M., Cora, M.C., Witt, K.L., Granville, C.A., Hejtmancik, M.R., Fomby, L., Knostman, K.A., Ryan, M.J., Newbold, R., Smith, C., Foster, P.M., Vallant, M.K., Stout, M.D., An ethanolic extract of black cohosh causes hematological changes but not estrogenic effects in female rodents. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 263, 138–147, 2012.
29. Rastegari, A.A., Yadav, A.N., Yadav, N., New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Microbial Secondary Metabolites Biochemistry and Applications, pp. 13–29, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Oxford, Cambridge, 2019.
30. Liu, W., Yin, D., Li, N., Hou, X., Wang, D., Li, D., Liu, J., Influence of environmental factors on the active substance production and antioxidant activity in Potentilla fruticosa L. and its quality assessment. Sci. Rep., 6, 1–18, 2016.
31. Yuan, Y., Tang, X., Jia, Z., Li, C., Ma, J., Zhang, J., The effects of ecological factors on the main medicinal components of Dendrobium officinale under different cultivation modes. Forests, 11, 1–16, 2020.
32. Sampaio, B.L. and Da Costa, F.B., Influence of abiotic environmental factors on the main constituents of the volatile oils of Tithonia diversifolia. Braz. J. Pharmacogn., 28, 135–144, 2018.
33. Pandey, A.K., Savita, Harvesting and post-harvest processing of medicinal plants: Problems and prospects. Pharm. Innov. J., 6, 229–235, 2017.
34. Tajidin, N.E., Chemical composition and citral content in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil at three maturity stages. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 11, 2685–2693, 2012.
35. Bekele, W., Tesema, M., Mohammed, H., Mammo, K., Herbage Yield and Bio-Chemical Traits as Influenced by Harvesting age of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf) Varieties at. Int. J. Res. Agric. Sci., 6, 65–71, 2019.
36. Çosge Senkal, B., Kiralan, M., Yaman, C., The Effect of Different Harvest Stages on Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Essential Oil from Artemisia annua L. J. Agric. Sci., 21, 71–77, 2015.
37. Rocha, R.P., Melo, E.C., Radünz, L.L., Influence of drying process on the quality of medicinal plants: A review. J. Med. Plant Res., 5, 7076–7084,