Applied Water Science. Группа авторов

One sample of each water were analyzed and residues of DEP, DIBP and DBP were found at levels from 9.24 to 29.3 μg/L, respectively, in the bottle and mineral waters Polyamide6-MnO fiber showed better extraction efficiency than PDMS fiber. Soda was also analyzed [44] DMP, DEHP, DBP, DNPP, BBP, and DNOP Tap and sea water (20 mL adjusted at pH 4) SPME using a GO-1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-vinyl imidazolium bromide/tetrafluoroborate fiber, stirring at 35°C in DI mode for 30 min, and desorption at 175°C for 5 min GC-MS 0.017–0.10 μg/L 87.6–101.2% at 1 and 5 μg/L One sample of each water were analyzed, and no residues were detected GO-1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-vinyl imidazolium bromide fiber showed higher extraction efficiency than GO-1-(3-aminopropyl)-3-vinyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, PA and CAR-PDMS fibers. Coffee was also analyzed [52] DEP, DPP, DAP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP Water (- mL plus 20% w/v NaCl) SPME using a OH-TPB-COFs fiber, stirring at 105°C in HS mode for 50 min, and desorption at 250°C for 7 min GC-FID 0.11–1.50 μg/L 78.6–101.9% at 1 and 5 μg/L Three sample were analyzed and contained at least 4 PAEs at levels from 1.39 to 5.78 μg/L OH-TPB-COFs fiber showed better extraction efficiency than PDMS fiber [46] DMP, DBP, DINP, DEP, BBP, DEHP, DNOP, and DIDP Mineral water (9 mL) IT-SPME using AC-PS-DVB monolithic columns, and desorption with 1.5 mL ACN CE-DAD, UHPLC-UV 0.59–9.83 μg/L 78.8–104.6% at 50 μg/L One sample was analyzed, and no residues were detected AC-PS-DVB monolithic column showed better extraction efficiency than AC-poly(BMA-EDMA) monolithic column. ACN showed higher extraction efficiency than MeOH as desorption solvent. [62] DMP, DEP, DAP, BBP, DBP, DNPP, and DCHP Disposable tableware, plastic cup and river waters (45 mL plus 2% v/v MeOH) IT-SPME using PDA-melamineformaldehyde aerogel-carbonfiber tube, and desorption with MeOH-water for 0.6 mL HPLC-DAD 0.07–0.16 μg/L 77–120% at 10 and 15 μg/L One sample of each water were analyzed and residues of DAP, BBP and DNPP were found at levels from 0.12 to 0.99 μg/L in the water in plastic cup PDA-melamineformaldehyde aerogelcarbon-fiber tube showed better extraction efficiency than melamine-formaldehyde aerogel-carbon-fiber and bare carbon-fiber tubes [23] SBSE DMP, DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP, and DNOP Sea and esturiane waters (20 mL plus 30% w/v NaCl and 20% v/v MeOH) SBSE using a PDMS stir bar, stirring at room temperature for 60–200 min, and thermal desorption at 300°C for 10 min GC-MS 0.0003–0.063 μg/L 95–124% at 0.1 μg/L One river water sample and 2 estuarian water samples were analyzed and contained all PAEs at levels from 0.0036 ± 0.0004 to 1.314 ± 0.018 μg/L A Plackett–Burman and 2 central composite designs were used for optimization purposes. 6 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 12 polychlorinated biphenyls and 3 nonylphenols were also analyzed [65] DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, DMEP, DMPP, DEEP, DNPP, DHXP, BBP DBEP, DCHP, DEHP, DPhP, and DNOP Sea water (25 mL plus 5% w/v NaCl and 10% v/v MeOH) SBSE using a PDMS stir bar, stirring at room temperature for 120 min, and desorption with 200 μL MeOH and 50 μL ACN by sonication for 50 min GC-MS 0.00027–1.63 μg/L - No samples were analyzed The stir bar coated with 150 μl PDMS showed higher extraction efficiency than coated with 50 μL and 75 μL PDMS, and 150 μL PDMS over carbon film. A mix MeOH-ACN showed higher extraction efficiency than MeOH and dichloromethane as desorption solvent [66]

      μ-ECD, micro-electron capture detector; AC, activated carbon; ACN, acetonitrile; BBP, benzylbutyl phthalate; BMA, butyl methacrylate; BMPP, bis(4-methyl-2-pentyl) phthalate; CAR, carboxen; CE, capillary electrophoresis; COFs, covalent organic frameworks; CW, carbowax; DAD, diode-array detector; DAP, diallyl phthalate; DBEP, di(2-butoxyethyl) phthalate; DBP, dibutyl phthalate; DCHP, dicyclohexyl phthalate; DEEP, di(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate; DEHA, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEP, diethyl phthalate; DHXP, dihexyl phthalate; DI, direct immersion; DIBP, diisobutyl phthalate; DIDP, diisodecyl phthalate; DINP, diisononyl phthalate; DIPP, diisopentyl phthalate; DMEP, di(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate; DMP, dimethyl phthalate; DMPP, dimethylethyl phthalate; DNOP, di-n-octyl phthalate; DNPP, di-n-pentyl phthalate; DPhP, diphenyl phthalate; DPP, dipropyl phthalate; DVB, divinylbenzene; EDMA, ethylene dimethacrylate; FID, flame ionization detector; G, graphene; GC, gas chromatography; GO, graphene oxide; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; HS, headspace; IT-SPME, in tube-solid-phase microextraction; LOQ, limit of quantification; MeOH, methanol; MIP, molecularly imprinted polymer; MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry; MS, mass spectrometry; MWCNTs, multi-walled carbon nanotubes; NPs, nanoparticles; PA, polyacrylate; PAE, phthalic acid ester; PDA, poly(dopamine); PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PPy, polypyrrole; PS, polystyrene; PVC, polyvinylchloride; SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction; SPE, solidphase extraction; SPME, solid-phase microextraction; TPB, 2,4,6-triphenoxy-1,3,5-benzene; UHPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography; UV, ultraviolet.

      As it has already been said, the fiber coating plays a key role in the SPME of PAEs from water samples. However, the types of commercial fibers are still limited, which reduces their application field. In addition, under certain conditions they have low thermal and chemical stability. Furthermore, they are fragile since they are based on fused silica supports. Consequently, most of the subsequent studies have been focused on developing new highly selective, efficient, inexpensive, and robust SPME fibers with controllable thickness through different coating techniques. For this purpose, a wide variety of new fibers based on the use of carbon-based nanomaterials [40–43], metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) [39, 44], molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) [45], covalent organic frameworks (COFs) [46], and bamboo charcoal [47] have been reported, among others.

The development of carbon-based coatings for stainless-steel fibers has been an important research field as a result of the exceptional properties these materials have, such as great chemical and thermal stability, high surface area and great capacity to establish π-π interactions with the aromatic groups of the PAEs [37, 48, 49]. Moreover, they can be easily dispersed in a polymer matrix to obtain coatings that provide considerably better characteristics than those of virgin polymers. Among them, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been the most used, which are large molecules composed by numerous electronically aromatic delocalized carbon atom layers and rolled up into a cylinder. As examples of the use of this kind of coatings for the extraction of PAEs from water samples, Asadollahzadeh et al. [40] made a fiber coated with an oxidized MWCNTs-polypyrrole (PPy) composite while Behzadi et al. [42] used MWCNTs-poly-o-aminophenol,