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Biogeography in the Sub-Arctic


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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is applied for

      ISBN 9781118561478

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Image: © Eva Panagiotakopulu

      List of Contributors

      Inger G. Alsos The Arctic University Museum of Norway TromsøNorway

      Ole Bennike Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Copenhagen Denmark

      Jens Böcher Zoological Museum Copenhagen Denmark

      Christian Brochmann The Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway

      Thomas Denk Department of Palaeobiology Swedish Museum of Natural History Stockholm Sweden

      Gaston R. Demarée Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium Brussels Belgium

      Kevin J. Edwards Department of Geography and Environment and Department of Archaeology School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Scott Polar Research Institute and McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

      Egill Erlendsson Department of Geography and Tourism Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland

      Anna Maria Fosaa Faroese Museum of Natural History Tórshavn Faroe Islands

      Friðgeir Grímsson Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna Vienna Austria

      Jennifer Harland Archaeology Institute University of the Highlands and Islands Orkney College Kirkwall UK

      Erlingur Hauksson Fornistekkur 14 Reykjavík Iceland

      Henning Heide‐Jørgensen Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

      Brian T. Hill Institute for Ocean Technology National Research Council Canada

      Ib Johnsen Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

      Ingrid Mainland Archaeology Institute University of the Highlands and Islands Orkney College Kirkwall UK

      Astrid E. J. Ogilvie Stefansson Arctic Institute Akureyri Iceland Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research(INSTAAR)University of Colorado Boulder CO USA

      Bergur Olsen Faroe Marine Research Institutre Faroe Islands

      Eva Panagiotakopulu School of Geo Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

      Aevar Petersen Brautarland 2 Reykjavík Iceland

      Jon P. Sadler School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham Birmingham UK

      J. Edward Schofield Department of Geography and Environment School of Geosciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK

      Brian G. J. Upton School of Geo Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

      Bernd Wagner Institute of Geology and Mineralogy University of Cologne Cologne Germany

      Reinhard Zetter Department of Palaeontology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

      Introduction

       Jon P. Sadler1 and Eva Panagiotakopulu2

       1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

       2 School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

      There is no escaping the fact that the island biogeography of the North Atlantic Region is singularly peculiar. While it has aspects of the characteristics of many island groups in terms of disharmonic and impoverished species pools (Coope 1986), it lacks true endemics (Buckland 1988; Downes 1988, but cf. Böcher 1988), although it is home to a wide number of putative subspecies and races (e.g. Lindroth 1968; Löve and Löve 1963). Sitting in the north of the Atlantic Ocean these islands have been subjected to large‐scale shifts in climate over the last few million years, unlike the other island groups further south which were likely buffered from the vicissitudes of Quaternary climate changes (Sadler 2001). Unlike island groups elsewhere, there is only one documented extinction on these island groups (the Great Auk) and those in the insects are local events relating to species that are distributed throughout the Palaearctic region. Over half the insect species in Iceland and Greenland are non‐indigenous and many of these were first introduced to the islands by the Norse colonists (Buckland 1988; Panagiotakopulu 2014; Sadler 1990). The faunas, excluding Greenland (Böcher 1988, are predominantly Palaearctic (Buckland 1988; Downes 1988; Lindroth 1931), and have close affinities with the faunas of the British Isles and Scandinavia. These unique physical and biological characteristics have interested biologists and biogeographers for centuries (Hooker 1862).