years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161–182). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
82 Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1992). Frightening, frightened, dissociated, or disorganized behavior on the part of the parent: A coding system for parent–infant interactions (4th ed.). University of California at Berkeley, CA; Unpublished manuscript.
83 Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, E. M. Cummings, M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, and E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 121–160). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
84 Marshall, P. J., & Fox, N. A. (2005). Relations between behavioral reactivity at 4 months and attachment classification at 14 months in a selected sample. Infant Behavior & Development, 28(4), 492–502. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.06.002.
85 Melnick, S., Finger, B., Hans, S., Patrick, M., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (2008). Hostile‐helpless states of mind in the AAI: A proposed additional AAI category with implications for identifying disorganized infant attachment in high‐risk samples. In H. Steele, M. Steele, H. Steele, & M. Steele (Eds.), Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 399–423). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
86 Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Reflections on security dynamics: Core constructs, psychological mechanisms, relational contexts, and the need for an integrative theory. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 197–209. doi: 10.1080/10478400701512893.
87 Miljkovitch, R., Pierrehumbert, B., Karmaniola, A., Bader, M., & Halfon, O. (2005). Assessing attachment cognitions and their associations with depression in youth with eating or drug misuse disorders. Substance Use & Misuse, 40(5), 605–623. doi: 10.1081/JA‐200055349.
88 NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (1997). The effects of infant child care on infant–mother attachment security: Results of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 860–879.
89 O’Connor, M. J., Sigman, M., & Brill, N. (1987). Disorganization of attachment in relation to maternal alcohol consumption. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 831–836. doi: 10.1037/0022‐006X.55.6.831.
90 Ogawa, J. R., Sroufe, L. A., Weinfield, N. S., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (1997). Development and the fragmented self: Longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Development and Psychopathology, 9(4), 855–879. doi: 10.1017/S0954579497001478.
91 Owen, M. T., & Cox, M. J. (1997). Marital conflict and the development of infant–parent attachment relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(2), 152–164. doi: 10.1037/0893‐3200.11.2.152.
92 Pauli‐Pott, U., Haverkock, A., Pott, W., & Beckmann, D. (2007). Negative emotionality, attachment quality, and behavior problems in early childhood. Infant Mental Health Journal, 28(1), 39–53. doi: 10.1002/imhj.20121.
93 Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., Nisticò, L., & Stazi, M. A. (2011). A twin study of attachment style in young adults. Journal of Personality, 79(5), 965–991. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‐6494.2010.00707.x.
94 Pruessner, J. C., Champagne, F., Meaney, M. J., & Dagher, A. (2004). Dopamine release in response to a psychological stress in humans and its relationship to early life maternal care: A positron emission tomography study using [¹¹C] Raclopride. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(11), 2825–2831. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3422‐03.2004.
95 Renken, B., Egeland, B., Marvinney, D., Mangelsdorf, S., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive‐withdrawal in early elementary school. Journal of Personality, 57(2), 257–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1467‐6494.1989.tb00483.x.
96 Schieche, M., & Spangler, G. (2005). Individual differences in biobehavioral organization during problem‐solving in toddlers: The influence of maternal behavior, infant–mother attachment, and behavioral inhibition on the attachment‐exploration balance. Developmental Psychobiology, 46(4), 293–306.
97 Shamir‐Essakow, G., Ungerer, J. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Attachment, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety in preschool children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(2), 131–143. doi: 10.1007/s10802‐005‐1822‐2.
98 Sharp, C., Venta, A., Vanwoerden, S., Schramm, A., Ha, C., Newlin, E., & Fonagy, P. (2016). First empirical evaluation of the link between attachment, social cognition and borderline features in adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 64, 4–11.
99 Shaw, D. S., Keenan, K., Vondra, J. I., Delliquadri, E., & Giovannelli, J. (1997). Antecedents of preschool children’s internalizing problems: A longitudinal study of low‐income families. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(12), 1760–1767. doi: 10.1097/00004583‐199712000‐00025.
100 Shmueli‐Goetz, Y., Target, M., Fonagy, P., & Datta, A. (2008). The Child Attachment Interview: A psychometric study of reliability and discriminant validity. Developmental Psychology, 44(4), 939–956. doi: 10.1037/0012‐1649.44.4.939.
101 Slade, A., Grienenberger, J., Bernbach, E., Levy, D., & Locker, A. (2005). Maternal reflective functioning, attachment, and the transmission gap: A preliminary study. Attachment & Human Development, 7(3), 283–298. doi: 10.1080/14616730500245880.
102 Spangler, G., & Grossmann, K. E. (1993). Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development, 64(5), 1439–1450. doi: 10.2307/1131544.
103 Spangler, G., Johann, M., Ronai, Z., & Zimmermann, P. (2009). Genetic and environmental influence on attachment disorganization. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(8), 952–961.
104 Stevenson‐Hinde, J., & Marshall, P. J. (1999). Behavioral inhibition, heart period, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia: An attachment perspective. Child Development, 70(4), 805–816. doi: 10.1111/1467‐8624.00058.
105 Stievenart, M., Roskam, I., Meunier, J. C., & van de Moortele, G. (2011). The reciprocal relation between children’s attachment representations and their cognitive ability. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(1), 58–66. doi: 10.1177/0165025410370790.
106 Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J., & Montague, P. R. (2009). Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34(13), 2655–2666.
107 Strathearn, L., Li, J., Fonagy, P., & Montague, P. R. (2008). What’s in a smile? Maternal brain responses to infant facial cues. Pediatrics, 122, no. 1, 40–51.
108 Teti, D. M., Gelfand, D. M., Messinger, D. S., & Isabella, R. (1995). Maternal depression and the quality of early attachment: An examination of infants, preschoolers, and their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 31(3), 364–376. doi: 10.1037/0012‐1649.31.3.364.
109 van Bakel, H. A., & Riksen‐Walraven, J. M. (2004). Stress reactivity in 15‐month‐old infants: Links with infant temperament, cognitive competence, and attachment security. Developmental Psychobiology, 44(3), 157–167. doi: 10.1002/dev.20001.
110 van IJzendoorn, M. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta‐analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387–403. doi: 10.1037/0033‐2909.117.3.387.
111 van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (1996). Attachment representations in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: A meta‐analytic search for normative data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 8–21. doi: 10.1037/0022‐006X.64.1.8.
112 van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2006). DRD47‐repeat polymorphism moderates the association between maternal unresolved loss or trauma and infant disorganization. Attachment & Human Development, 8(4), 291–307. doi: 10.1080/14616730601048159.
113 van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2010). Invariance of adult attachment across gender, age, culture, and socioeconomic status? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(2), 200–208. doi: 10.1177/0265407509360908.
114 van