occurs in the species (Fernández‐Palacios et al. 2011).
In fish species that show parental care, energy requirements are likely increased due to nest defense, cleaning, and/or oxygenation (e.g. tail fanning). A reduction in food intake may also occur during parenting. The condition of the parents can have significant consequences on the success of their offspring. For example, male smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) show parental care and when supplemented with additional food during this period, they show lower nest abandonment and improved reproductive success compared to males with no supplemental feeding (Zolderdo et al. 2016).
New Directions in Fish Nutrition Research
Current and future areas of fish nutrition research are focused on larval and broodstock nutrition, and the use of novel ingredients in fish diets to improve performance and/or sustainability. Novel techniques including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are being used to better define the requirements for nutrients and to better understand the gut microbiome to improve food digestibility, gut health, and fish performance. The increasing numbers of species that are being raised in commercial aquaculture systems and in different types of environments (e.g. recirculating low‐salinity rearing of marine species) will further expand our knowledge of the comparative nutrition of fish.
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