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Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine


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Studies on digestibility and digestive enzyme activities in Labeo rohita (Hamilton) juveniles: effect of microbial α‐amylase supplementation in non‐gelatinized or gelatinized corn‐based diet at two protein levels. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 32: 209–220.

      75 Kumar, V., Sinha, A., Makkar, H. et al. (2012). Phytate and phytase in fish nutrition. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96: 335–364.

      76 Lall, S.P. and Tibbetts, S.M. (2009). Nutrition, feeding, and behavior of fish. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice 12: 361–372.

      77 Langdon, C. and Barrows, R. (2011). Microparticulate diets: technology. In: Larval Fish Nutrition (ed. G.J. Holt), 335–351. Oxford: Wiley.

      78 Lee, J.Y. and Gao, Y. (2012). Review of the application of garlic, Allium sativum, in aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 43: 447–458.

      79 Lemos, D. and Tacon, A.G. (2016). Use of phytases in fish and shrimp feeds: a review. Reviews in Aquaculture 9: 266–282.

      80 Leng, R.A., Stambolie, J.H., and Bell, R. (1995). Duckweed‐a potential high‐protein feed resource for domestic animals and fish. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 7 [online]. http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/LRRD/LRRD7/1/3.HTM (accessed August 2017).

      81 Lešková, E., Kubíková, J., Kováčiková, E. et al. (2006). Vitamin losses: retention during heat treatment and continual changes expressed by mathematical models. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19:252–276.

      82 Li, X.‐F., Xu, C., Zhang, D.‐D. et al. (2016). Molecular characterization and expression analysis of glucokinase from herbivorous fish Megalobrama amblycephala subjected to a glucose load after the adaption to dietary carbohydrate levels. Aquaculture 459: 89–98.

      83 Lin, Y.‐H. and Shiau, S.‐Y. (2005). Dietary vitamin E requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus, at two lipid levels, and their effects on immune responses. Aquaculture 248: 235–244.

      84 Matsunari, H., Hashimoto, H., Iwasaki, T. et al. (2013a). Effect of feeding rotifers enriched with taurine on the growth and survival of larval amberjack Seriola dumerili. Fisheries Science 79: 815–821.

      85 Matsunari, H., Hashimoto, H., Oda, K. et al. (2013b). Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on growth, survival and swim bladder inflation of larval amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso). Aquaculture Research 44: 1696–1705.

      86 McGoogan, B.B. and Gatlin, D.M. (1999). Dietary manipulations affecting growth and nitrogenous waste production of red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus I. Effects of dietary protein and energy levels. Aquaculture 178: 333–348.

      87 Medved, R.J. (1985). Gastric evacuation in the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus. Journal of Fish Biology 26: 239–253.

      88 Michelato, M., Zaminhan, M., Boscolo, W.R. et al. (2017). Dietary histidine requirement of Nile tilapia juveniles based on growth performance, expression of muscle‐growth‐related genes and haematological responses. Aquaculture 467: 63–70.

      89 Mišurcová, L., Kráčmar, S., Klejdus, B., and Vacek, J. (2010). Nitrogen content, dietary fiber, and digestibility in algal food products. Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28: 27–35.

      90 Moren, M., Næss, T., and Hamre, K. (2002). Conversion of β‐carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin to vitamin A in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) juveniles. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 27: 71–80.

      91 Morris, A.L., Hamlin, H.J., Francis‐Floyd, R. et al. (2011). Nitrate‐induced goiter in captive whitespotted bamboo sharks Chiloscyllium plagiosum. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 23: 92–99.

      92 Mountfort, D.O., Campbell, J., and Clements, K.D. (2002). Hindgut fermentation in three species of marine herbivorous fish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 1374–1380.

      93 Mustafa, M.G., Wakamatsu, S., Takeda, T. et al. (1995). Effects of algae meal as feed additive on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition in red sea bream. Fisheries Science 61: 25–28.

      94 National Research Council (NRC) (1996). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington D.C.: National Academic Press.

      95 National Research Council (NRC) (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp. Washington D.C.: National Academic Press.

      96 Navarre, O. and Halver, J.E. (1989). Disease resistance and humoral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C. Aquaculture 79: 207–221.

      97 Nayak, S.K. (2010). Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 29: 2–14.

      98 New, M.B. (1987). Feed and feeding of fish and shrimp. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [online]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/s4314e/s4314e00.htm#Contents (accessed 1 August 2017).

      99 Nguyen, V.T., Satoh, S., Haga, Y. et al. (2008). Effect of zinc and manganese supplementation in Artemia on growth and vertebral deformity in red sea bream (Pagrus major) larvae. Aquaculture 285: 184–192.

      100 Papatryphon, E. and Soares, J. (2001). The effect of phytase on apparent digestibility of four practical plant feedstuffs fed to striped bass, Morone saxatilis. Aquaculture Nutrition 7: 161–168.

      101 Penglase, S., Nordgreen, A., Van der Meeren, T. et al. (2010). Increasing the level of selenium in rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis ‘Cayman’) enhances the mRNA expression and activity of glutathione peroxidase in cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae. Aquaculture 306: 259–269.

      102 Pettitt‐Wade, H., Newman, S.H., Parsons, K.T. et al. (2011). Dietary metal and macro‐nutrient intakes of juvenile lemon sharks determined from the nutritional composition of prey items. Marine Ecology Progress Series 433: 245–260.

      103 Pickova, J., Dutta, P.C., Larsson, P.‐O., and Kiessling, A. (1997). Early embryonic cleavage pattern, hatching success, and egg‐lipid fatty acid composition: comparison between two cod (Gadus morhua) stocks. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54: 2410–2416.

      104 Rahimnejad, S., Lee, S.‐M., Park, H.‐G., and Choi, J. (2017). Effects of dietary inclusion of Chlorella vulgaris on growth, blood biochemical parameters, and antioxidant enzyme activity in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 48: 103–112.

      105 Reitan, K.I., Rainuzzo, J.R., and Olsen, Y. (1994). Influence of lipid composition of live feed on growth, survival and pigmentation of turbot larvae. Aquaculture International 2: 33–48.

      106 Romero‐Romero, S. and Yúfera, M. (2012). Contribution of gut content to the nutritional value of Brachionus plicatilis used as prey in larviculture. Aquaculture 364: 124–129.

      107 Rønnestad, I. and Fyhn, H.J. (1993). Metabolic aspects of free amino acids in developing marine fish eggs and larvae. Reviews in Fisheries Science 1: 239–259.

      108 Rubio, V., Sánchez‐Vázquez, F., and Madrid, J. (2003). Macronutrient selection through postingestive signals in sea bass fed on gelatine capsules. Physiology and Behavior 78: 795–803.

      109 Rumsey, G.L. (1991). Choline‐betaine requirements of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 95: 107–116.

      110 Saha, H., Pal, A.K., Sahu, N.P., and Saha, R.K. (2016). Feeding pyridoxine prevents Saprolegnia parasitica infection in fish Labeo rohita. Fish & Shellfish Immunology 59: 382–388.

      111 Sánchez‐Vázquez, F., Yamamoto, T., Akiyama, T. et al. (1998). Selection of macronutrients by goldfish operating self‐feeders. Physiology and Behavior 65: 11–218.

      112 Sánchez‐Vázquez, F., Yamamoto, T., Akiyama, T. et al. (1999). Macronutrient self‐selection through demand‐feeders in rainbow trout. Physiology and Behavior 66: 45–51.

      113 Sandnes, K., Torrissen, O., and Waagbø, R. (1992). The minimum dietary requirement of vitamin C in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry using Ca ascorbate‐2‐monophosphate as dietary source. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 10: 315–319.

      114 Sargent,