and Waste Lipid Sources 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Non-Edible Plant-Based Oils 15.3 Waste Animal Fats 15.4 Expired and Waste Cooking Oils 15.5 Algae/Microalgae 15.6 Insects as Biodiesel Feedstock 15.7 Deacidification 15.8 Other Technologies 15.9 Conclusion References
20 16 Microalgae for Biodiesel Production 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel From Microalgae 16.3 Genetic Engineering/Techniques Enhancing Biodiesel Production 16.4 Nanotechnology in Microalgae Biodiesel Production 16.5 Specific Examples of Biodiesel Production From Microalgae 16.6 Methodology Involved in the Extraction of Algae 16.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendation to Knowledge References
21 17 Biodiesel Production Methods and Feedstocks 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Biofuel Classification in Terms of Origin and Technological Conversion of Raw Materials 17.3 Techniques Capable of Producing Biodiesel on Commercial Scales 17.4 Influential Parameters on Biodiesel Production 17.5 Biodiesel Markets and Economic Considerations 17.6 Challenges Confronting Biodiesel Uptake 17.7 Corrosion and Quality Monitoring Issues for Biodiesel 17.8 Conclusions References
22 18 Application of Nanoparticles for the Enhanced Production of Biodiesel 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Solid Nanoparticles 18.3 Nanobioparticles/Nanobiocatalyst 18.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 18.5 How Nanoparticles Enhanced Biodiesel Production? 18.6 Conclusion References
23 Index
24 Also of Interest Check out these other forthcoming and published titles from Scrivener Publishing Books by the same editor from Wiley-Scrivener Other books on this subject from Wiley-Scrivener
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Transesterification of triglycerides for the production of biodiesel.Figure 2.2 Approximate frequency ranges of sound with rough guide of some source...Figure 2.3 Different options of ultrasound application for biodiesel production.Figure 2.4 Principle of ultrasound-induced acoustic cavitation bubbles.
2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The different catalytic methods for the biodiesel production.Scheme 3.1 Soap formation in the presence of free fatty acids with the base cata...Scheme 3.2 General esterification reaction mechanism in the presence of an acid ...Scheme 3.3 Acid-catalyzed transesterification of TG (i) Protonation of carbonyl ...Scheme 3.4 Alkali catalyzed transesterification of TG (i) formation alkoxide ion...Figure 3.2 The block diagram for base-catalyzed biodiesel production.Scheme 3.5 Soap formation in the presence of water and base catalyst.Figure 3.3 The flow diagram of synthesis of SZ from zirconium oxychloride octahy...Figure 3.4 Synthesis of (a) ZrO2-TiO2 nanorods, (b) ZrO2 – TiO2@SO42– nanorods, ...Figure 3.5 Synthesis of sulfonated acid catalyst from the biomass (DOWC) using c...Scheme 3.6 Alkaline earth metal oxides catalyzed transesterification of TG.Figure 3.6 Calcination and rehydration of Mg-Al hydrotalcite for the biodiesel p...Figure 3.7 Functionalization of MCM-41 surface with guanidine derivative (1,5,7-...Figure 3.8 Different methods for immobilization of enzymes. (Adapted from Ref. [...Figure 3.9 Encapsulation of ultrasound treated lipase within metal-organic frame...Figure 3.10 Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilization onto micro-porous biosilic...Figure 3.11 L62 lipase immobilization using adsorption/entrapment and adsorption...
3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Biodiesel production through transesterification process [4].Figure 4.2 Catalytic processes for the conversion of glycerol into useful value-...Figure 4.3 Successive stages in the hydrogenolysis of glycerol [49].Figure 4.4 Effect of temperature on glycerol conversion and selectivity of 1,2-P...Figure 4.5 Effect of varying temperature on conversion, yield, and selectivity o...Figure 4.6 The scheme for glycerol hydrogenolysis reaction mechanism [78].Figure 4.7 Conversion of glycerol to 1,2-PDO, reaction mechanism [57].
4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Methods of transesterification [18–21].
5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Four level flow chat for the production of fuel energy from biomass.Figure 6.2 Primary energy regional consumption by fuel 2018 in Percentage. BP St...
6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Online two-way catalytic pyrolysis reaction process for conversion of...Figure 7.2 W/O/W and O/W/O emulsion P. A. Winsor I-II and IV type emulsion [37].Figure 7.3 Biodiesel production methods.Figure 7.4 Continuous microwave reactor [38].
7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Cost breakup for biodiesel production [7, 21–23].Figure 8.2 Various types of feedstock for biodiesel production.Figure 8.3 General transesterification reaction.Figure 8.4 General mechanism of the transesterification reaction.Figure 8.5 Mechanism of the esterification reaction.Figure 8.6 Microwave