including the capability to shield drugs from degradation, target them at their active sites, and minimize harmfulness and other side effects, are a possible carrier instead of traditional dosage types. The polymeric NPs provide some significant advantages over the liposomes of these materials. NPs, for example, help improve drug ratability and provide convenient, controlled drug release properties. The extreme absorbed light is effectively converted into localized heat by Au‐NPs, which can be used for targeted laser photothermal cancer therapy [81, 82]. Besides this, to prevent tumour development, the antineoplastic effect of NPs is also effectively used. Compared to organic compounds that are comparatively toxic to biological systems, the antimicrobial properties of inorganic NPs add more potency to this essential feature [83–85]. To selectively overcome the microbial cells, the NPs are engaged with various classes. Because of their adequate antibacterial efficacy, TiO2, ZnO, BiVO4, and Cu‐ and Ni‐based NPs have been used for this reason [86].
1.6.2 Materials and Manufacturing
The NP manufacturer displays physicochemical characteristics that induce specific electrical, mechanical, optical, and imaging properties that are highly sought for applications in the medical, commercial, and ecological sectors in particular [87]. NPs focus on biological and non‐biological characterization, design, and engineering of <100 nm structures, exhibiting new and unique characteristics. Many producers at high and low levels have reported the potential benefits of nanotechnology. Mass production of marketable products such as microelectronics, aerospace, and pharmaceutical companies are now underway [88]. Many industries have indicated that nanotechnology is the next development, including food processing and packaging. RET (organic dye molecules and noble metals) has been considered in the recent interest in biophotonics and materials science [89]. The plasmon resonance arising from the reciprocal oscillation of electrons at the surface of the NP [89, 90] is distinctly coloured in NP metals, such as noble metals, such as Au and Ag.
1.6.3 Environment
The release of these materials to the atmosphere contributes to commercial and domestic engineered nuclear power plants [91]. The use of engineering materials would increase soil and groundwater NP concentrations, which provide the most significant exposure pathways for assessing environmental risk [92]. During the formation of natural NPs, the surface of NPs can be consumed, co‐precipitated, or stuck with the accumulation of NPs containing toxins adsorbed to their bodies by a vast specific‐to‐mass proportion of natural NPs. NP pollutants' interaction depends on the characteristics of NPs, such as scale, composition, morphology, porosity and aggregation, and structure [93]. The following attributes of NPs make the ideal theme candidate for environmentally friendly goods, sanitation of toxic substance‐contaminated materials, and ecological stage sensors [10]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs are a valuable sorbent material for this harmful soft material [94, 95].
NP photodegradation is also a generalized method, which includes the use of several nanomaterials. For photodegradation, Rogozea et al. revealed in a tandem fashion that modified silica NiO/ZnO has been productive because of the minimum size of the high NP surface (<10 nm) [96].
1.6.4 Electronics
In recent years, there has been rising interest in printed electronics production because printed electronics offer the potential for low‐cost, large‐area electronics for flexible displays and sensors appealing to conventional silicon techniques. As a mass manufacturing process for new forms of electronic equipment, printed electronics with various functional inks containing NPs such as metallic NPs, organic electronic molecules, CNTs, and ceramic NPs are expected to flow quickly [97, 98]. An excellent example of the synergies between scientific discovery and technological growth is the electronic industry. The findings of new semiconducting materials have led to a revolution from aspirated tubes to diodes and transistors and finally to miniature chips [10, 99]. The critical characteristics of NPs that make nanotechnology benchmarks [100] possible for NP to be used in electrical, electronic, or optical applications, including bottom‐up or self‐assembly frameworks, are easy handling.
1.6.5 Energy Harvesting
Because of their large surface area, optical behaviour, and catalytic nature, scientists are changing their research strategies to produce renewable energies from readily available resources at low cost. NPs are the best candidate for this reason. NPs are widely used to generate power from photoelectrochemical (PEC) and electrochemical water splitting [48], especially in photocatalytic applications. Electrochemical CO2 reduction in fuel precursors, solar cells, and piezoelectric generators also provided advanced energy generation options in addition to water splitting [34]. NPs are often used in energy storage applications to reserve animations in various ways at the nanoscale level [101, 102]. Nanogenerators have recently been developed to transform mechanical energy into electricity using piezoelectric power, an unconventional approach to power generation [103].
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