using a photographic mirror."/>
Figure 3.13 Occlusal photograph of maxillary teeth using a photographic mirror.
3.3 Tips
Conventional periapical and panoramic imaging is still very useful for treatment planning. Although CBCT is essential in planning, it can be difficult to appreciate the crown and root position of teeth adjacent to the planned site, because any given slice will vary. Clinicians who rely upon one slice during placement may encounter issues with proximity of the implant to the adjacent teeth.
When using surgical templates, ensure windows are cut out of the template adjacent to the implant sites to allow the clinician to visualise that the template fits accurately. These windows can be located in different parts of the template as well as in close proximity to the osteotomy site.
Practise the ALARA principle in radiographic imaging and, when possible, reduce the FOV to the ROI. Most modern CBCT machines are able to reduce FOV, thus lowering any dosage to patients.
References
1 1 Fortes, J., de Oliveira‐Santos, C., Matsumoto, W. et al. (2018). Influence of 2D vs 3D imaging and professional experience on dental implant treatment planning. Clin. Oral Investig. 23: 929–936.
2 2 Harris, D., Horner, K., Gröndahl, K. et al. (2012). E.A.O. guidelines for the use of diagnostic imaging in implant dentistry 2011. A consensus workshop organized by the European Association for Osseointegration at the Medical University of Warsaw. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 23: 1243–1253.
3 3 Tischler, M. (2010). Treatment planning implant dentistry: an overview for the general dentist. Gen. Dent. 58 (5): 368–374.
4 4 Tahmaseb, A., Wismeijer, D., Coucke, W., and Derksen, W. (2014). Computer technology applications in surgical implant dentistry: a systematic review. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 29 (Suppl): 25–42.
4 Medico‐Legal Considerations and Risk Management
Christopher C.K. Ho
4.1 Principles
As dental professionals we possess a duty of care to exercise appropriate knowledge, skill, and care to our patients. There are ethical obligations attached to membership of the profession to provide an optimal level of care. The doctor/patient relationship is underpinned by two fundamental principles: ‘beneficence’, doing good and acting in the patient's best interests, and ‘non‐maleficence’, doing no harm [1]. The Latin phrase primum non nocere, or first do no harm, is one of the fundamental principles in healthcare practice. It is important to gain the necessary informed consent for patients so that they not only understand the advantages and disadvantages of treatment, but also any risks or inadvertent outcomes that may occur.
There are different laws and regulations in each country that may impact dental practice and these are present to ensure the safety of patient care. This may involve having evidence of competency for the intended treatment, and infection control, workplace safety, continuing education requirements, and materials that can be used in practice.
It is important to only provide treatment for which you have appropriate training within your scope of practice. A clinician should be able to demonstrate the experience and education undertaken, completing a logbook of all continuing professional development attended. Furthermore, a clinician will need to record all aspects of the examination, assessment, and treatment, as well as consent attained, in a neat and legible manner. With the advent of digital records this has improved record keeping, helping legibility and avoiding any deterioration in radiographic records, such as happened in the past with dental film. The increasing use of digital impressions and scanning has taken away the onerous task of storing physical models, allowing data storage in the cloud and giving the ability to access the virtual models relatively easily.
4.1.1 Informed Consent
Informed consent is permission granted in full knowledge of the possible consequences, typically that which is given by a patient to a doctor for treatment with knowledge of the possible risks and benefits. As implant treatment is an elective treatment it should involve a two‐way communication between patient and clinician that provides an unbiased and objective view of the treatment. This includes the intended outcome, alternatives to treatment, and an understanding of treatment difficulty and risk of complications or failure. It is customary that this is conveyed to the patient verbally; many clinicians also provide informed consent forms and other literature that clearly document treatment for patients.
4.2 Procedures
4.2.1 Dental Records
Dental records are important medical and legal records documenting all aspects of treatment along with information on what biomaterials, hardware, and implant systems were used. They should be complete, accurate, and legible. If a complaint is encountered in relation to treatment the records are your only defence if the patient proceeds with legal action.
The records should include:
Reason for attendance (chief complaint)
Medical history
Dental history
Social and family history
Clinical assessment – extra‐oral and intra‐oral examination
Diagnostic records, including photographs, radiographs, study models, diagnostic wax‐up, etc.
Surgical phase of treatment:Medications administered or prescribed, including local anaesthetics, sedation, and antibiotics, with their dosageSurgical flap design and wound closure, including suture size and typeImplant components with type of implant system and the lot numbersBiomaterial usage, including bone graft, membranes, tacksPrimary stability and insertion torque, implant stability quotient (ISQ) valuesPost‐operative instructions and management
Prosthodontic phase:Implant integration assessmentImpression technique and materialsShade selection and photographyLaboratory prescriptionInsertion of prosthesis with components used, abutment screw torque, type of retention (screw/cement) and screw access closureRadiographs to document baseline radiographsOral hygiene instruction and continuing care frequency
Continuing care:Assess prosthesis integrityAssess occlusion Assess peri‐implant tissue health with probing depths and bleeding on probingRadiographs to monitor bone levels.
4.3 Tips
Checklists: A checklist is a type of aid used to reduce failure by compensating for potential limits of human memory and attention (Figure 4.1). It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in carrying out a task. It is good practice to have a checklist summary to provide consistency of care because clinicians and their teams often lull themselves into skipping steps after performing procedures multiple times as it becomes familiar and repetitive. A checklist may aid in protecting against such failure and remind the team of the steps and procedures required. The author likes to work with checklists both at consultation and treatment procedures. At the time of consultation a checklist ensures everything is explained to the patient, with written documentation of what was communicated. Moreover, this is carried through into clinical practice, with checklists on what is required for procedures, as well as a pre‐surgical checklist to confirm that patients are ready for their surgical procedure. An example of what may be included in this pre‐surgical checklist includes:Patient confirmation of procedureMedical history update, including any medications