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Practical Procedures in Implant Dentistry


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      The pyramidal shape of the maxillary sinus may be further complicated or compartmentalised by the presence of bony septa, which can cause partial division of the sinus. These septa are very common and may be found in 25–33% of sinuses [16, 17]. Although numerous variations, shapes, sizes, and locations [18] may be encountered, septa tend to have a wider base inferiorly and converge to a sharp edge superiorly.

      The maxillary sinus derives its sensory innervation from branches of the maxillary nerve (CN V2) via the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerve branches as well as the infraorbital nerve. Blood supply to the sinus stems from branches of the maxillary artery, namely the infraorbital and posterior superior alveolar arteries with some contribution additionally from the sphenopalatine and posterior lateral nasal arteries. Venous drainage of the maxillary sinus occurs via the facial vein, the pterygoid plexus, and the sphenopalatine vein.

      The lining of the maxillary sinus consists of a specialised pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and is called the Schneiderian membrane, which in health is usually less than 1 mm thick [19]. This complex respiratory mucosa contains specialised beaker (goblet) cells that produce mucus. The mucus traps inhaled particles, keeps the surface of the membrane moist, and serves to humidify inhaled air. The ciliated columnar epithelium provide a means of transport for the produced mucus. As a functional unit, the muco‐ciliary escalator lifts the mucus secretions and small particles up to the ostium and out to the nose.

      7.5.1 Importance in Oral Implantology

      A frequently encountered challenge when treating the edentulous posterior maxilla with dental implants is insufficient bone volume in an area with poor bone quality [20]. The bone volume of the residual alveolar ridge available for implant placement in this region may be limited by the presence of the maxillary sinus with or without pneumatisation, the loss of alveolar bone height following tooth loss, or a combination of both [21]. Bone volume may be increased via augmentation procedures of the maxillary sinus utilising a variety of surgical techniques and grafting materials in a predictable fashion [22–24].

Photo depicts position of the greater palatine artery and nerve. The greater palatine neurovascular bundle is outlined in purple in the frontal section of the skull at the level of the premolars.

      7.6.1 Importance in Oral Implantology

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      2 2 Friedrich, R., Laumann, F., Zrnc, T., and Assaf, A. (2015). The nasopalatine canal in adults on cone beam computed tomograms – a clinical study and review of the literature. in vivo; 29 (4): 467–486.

      3 3 Mraiwa, N., Jacobs, R., and Van Cleynenbreugel, J. (2004). The nasopalatine canal revisited using 2D and 3D CT imaging. Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 33: 396–402.

      4 4 Marcantonio, E.J. (2009). Incisive canal deflation for correct implant placement: case report. Implant Dent. 18: 473–479.

      5 5 Rosenquist, J. and Nystrom, E. (1992). Occlusion of the incisal canal with bone chips. A procedure to facilitate insertion of implants in the anterior maxilla. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 21: 210–211.

      6 6 Garg, A. (1997). Nasal sinus lift: an innovative technique for implant insertions. Dent. Implantol. Update 8: 49.

      7 7 Garg, A. (2008). Subnasal elevation and bone augmentation in dental implantology. Dent. Implantol. Update 19: 17.

      8 8 Hising, P., Bolin, A., and Branting, C. (2001). Reconstruction of the severely resorbed alveolar ridge crests with dental implants using bovine bone mineral for augmentation. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 16: 90.

      9 9 Mazor, Z., Lorean, A., and Mijiritsky, E. (2012). Nasal floor elevation combined with dental implant placement. Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 14 (5): 768–771.

      10 10 El‐Ghareeb, M., Pi‐Anfruns, J., Khosousi, M. et al. (2012). Nasal floor augmentation for the reconstruction