R. (2004). Herodotus. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 12 (3), pp. 254–288.
40 Rollinger, R. (2009). Die Philotas‐Affäre, Alexander III. und die Bedeutung der Dexiosis im Werk des Q. Curtius Rufus. Gymnasium, 116, pp. 257–273.
41 Rollinger, R. (2010). Extreme Gewalt und Strafgericht: Ktesias und Herodot als Zeugnisse für den Achaimenidenhof. In B. Jacobs, R. Rollinger (eds.), Der Achämenidenhof – the Achaemenid Court, Classica et Orientalia 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 559–666.
42 Rollinger, R. (2011). Assur, Assyrien und die klassische Überlieferung: Nachwirken, Deutungsmuster und historische Reflexion. In J. Renger (ed.), Assur: Gott, Stadt und Land, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient‐Gesellschaft 5. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 311–345.
43 Rollinger, R. (2016). The battle of Arbela in 331 BCE, disloyal “Orientals” and the alleged “panic” in the Persian Army: from neo‐Assyrian kings to Alexander III. In S. Svärd, R. Rollinger (eds.), Cross‐Cultural Studies in near Eastern History and Literature, The Intellectual Heritage of the Ancient and Medieval Near East 2. Münster: Ugarit‐Verlag, pp. 213–242.
44 Rollinger, R. (2019). Herennius Dexippus und die Tradition der Perserkriege im Imperium Romanum. Historische Zeitschrift 308/2, pp. 297‐331.
45 Ruffing, K. (2017). Arrian und die Verwaltung des Achaimeniden‐Reichs. In: B. Jacobs, W. F. M. Henkelman, and M.W. Stolper (eds.), Die Verwaltung im Achämenidenreich. Administration in the Achaemenid Empire, Classica et Orientalia 17. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 321–333.
46 Schmal, S. (1997). Feindbilder bei den frühen Griechen: Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung von Feindbildern und Identitäten in der griechischen Literatur von Homer bis Aristophanes, Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe III: Geschichte und ihre Hilfswissenschaften 677. Frankfurt, Berlin, Bern, New York, Paris, and Wien: Lang.
47 Stoll, O. (2013). Terror im Gebirge: Xenophon und die Anforderungen transkultureller Kriegführung: Der Rückzug des griechischen Söldnerkontingentes in Xenophons “Anabasis” und die Schilderung von Flussübergängen, Pässen und Bergbewohnern. Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaften, 16, pp. 277–345.
48 Stronk, J.P. (2017). Semiramis’ Legacy. The History of Persia According to Diodorus of Sicily. Edinburgh: University Press.
49 Tuplin, C. (1993). The Failings of Empire: A Reading of Xenophons Hellenica 2.3.11–7.5.27, Historia Einzelschriften 76. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, and M.A. Flower (ed.) (2017). The Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50 Tuplin, C. (1997). Medism and its causes. Transeuphratène, 13, pp. 155–185.
51 Tuplin, C (ed.) (2004). Xenophon and his World: Papers from a Conference Held in Liverpool in July 1999, Historia Einzelschriften 172. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
52 Walbank, F.W. (1957/1967/1979). A Historical Commentary on Polybius, 3. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
53 Waters, M. (2020). Ctesias’ Persica and its Near Eastern context. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
54 Walser, G. (1984). Hellas Und Iran, Erträge der Forschung 209. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
55 Wiesehöfer, J. (2006). Keeping the two sides equal: Thucydides, the Persians and the Peloponnesian war. In A. Rengakos, A. Tsakmakis (eds.), Brill's Companion to Thucydides. Leiden: Brill, pp. 657–667.
56 Wiesehöfer, J., Rollinger, R., and Lanfranchi, G.B. (eds.) (2011). Die Welt des Ktesias – Ctesias' World, Classica et Orientalia 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
57 Winiarczyk, M. (2011). Die hellenistischen Otopien, Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 293. Berlin, Boston, MA: de Gruyter.
58 Wulfram, H. (ed.) (2016). Der römische Alexanderhistoriker Curtius Rufus: Erzähltechnik, Rhetorik, Figurenpsychologie und Rezeption, Wiener Studien: Beiheft 38. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademien der Wissenschaften.
FURTHER READING
1 Harrison, T. (2000). Divinity and History. The Religion of Herodotus. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Excellent analysis of how Herodotus conceptualized religion.
2 Jacobs, B., Rollinger, R. (eds.) (2010). Der Achämenidenhof – the Achaemenid Court, Classica et Orientalia 2. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Offers a multidisciplinary approach to the Persian court.
3 Kuhrt, A. (2007). The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period, 2. Oxon, New York: Routledge. Presents the most comprehensive collection of sources in English translation.
4 Llewellyn‐Jones, L., Robson, J. (2010). Ctesias' History of Persia: Tales of the Orient. London, New York: Routledge, and Stronk, J.P. (2010). Ctesias' Persian History I: Introduction, Text and Translation. Düsseldorf: Wellem Verlag. Two updated collections of Ctesias' fragments with an English translation and commentary.
5 Shayegan, M.R. (ed.) (2018). Cyrus the Great. Life and Lore. Boston: Harvard University Press. Represents the most recent transdisciplinary approach on Cyrus the Great.
6 Müller, S. (2014). Alexander, Makedonien und Persien. Berlin: trafo Verlagsgruppe. An excellent analysis and presentation of the pertinent sources on Alexander the Great.
7 Rollinger, R., Truschnegg, B., and Bichler, R. (eds.) (2011). Herodot Und das Persische Weltreich – Herodotus and the Persian Empire, Classica et Orientalia 3. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Offers substantial insights into the various approaches on Herodotus' description of the Persians and the Persian Empire.
8 Stevenson, R.B. (1997). Persica: Greek Writing about Persia in the Fourth Century BC. Edinburgh: Scottish Academy Press. An instructive overview on the Persica literature in Greek and Latin.
9 Rollinger, R. (2018). Herennius Dexippos und die Tradition der Perserkriege im Imperium Romanum. In K. Ruffing (ed.), Emas non quod opus est, sed quod necesse est: Studien zur Wirtschafts‐, Sozial‐, Wissenschafs‐ und Rezeptionsgeschichte der Antike: Festschrift für Hans‐Joachim Drexhage zum 70. Geburtstag, Philippika. Marbruger altertumskundliche Abhandlungen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, in press. A critical investigation of the topic “Persian Wars” in the context of the Roman Empire.
10 Tuplin, C. (1993). The Failings of Empire: A Reading of Xenophons Hellenica 2.3.11–7.5.27, Historia Einzelschriften 76. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, and M.A. Flower (ed.) (2017). The Cambridge Companion to Xenophon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Full of insights into Xenophon's writings and his view on the Persians and their empire.
11 Wiesehöfer, J., Rollinger, R., and Lanfranchi, G.B. (eds.) (2011). Die Welt des Ktesias – Ctesias' World, Classica et Orientalia 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. A collection of papers from different disciplines introducing Ctesias' work and his view of the Persian Empire.
CHAPTER 15 Persia (including Khūzestān)
Rémy Boucharlat
Two of the four royal residences of Darius and his successors are located in southwestern Iran: Persepolis in the mountains of Fārs, the ancient Persia, the cradle of the Achaemenid dynasty; Susa in the lowlands of Khūzestān, an extension of Mesopotamia, a part of the ancient kingdom of Elam and the Achaemenid satrapy of Elam. Susa is halfway between Persepolis and Babylon in Mesopotamia, the ancient capital of the eastern world until Cyrus' conquest, and another Achaemenid residence. In this part of the empire, even carefully ruled as an “Itinerant state” (Briant 2002: p. 187) during the frequent and long journeys of the king, no city, not even Susa, is a permanent royal capital. This is probably the main reason why no cities in the true sense of the word, as we know them from previous Near Eastern empires, could be located at Persepolis or Susa, and why these two places were no more “urban” than