perse. Zeitschrift für Assyriologie, 75, pp. 265–306.
28 Mousavi, A. (1992). Parsa, a stronghold for Darius: a preliminary study of the defence system of Persepolis. East and West, 42, pp. 203–226.
29 Mousavi, A. (2012). Persepolis: Discovery and Afterlife of a World Wonder. Berlin: de Gruyter.
30 Nylander, C. (1970). Ionians in Pasargadae: Studies in Old Persian Architecture, Boreas – Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis 1. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksell.
31 Perrot, J. (2013). Restoration, reconstruction. In J. Perrot (ed.), The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, pp. 209–239.
32 Potts, D.T. (2015). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
33 Potts, D.T., Askari Chaverdi, A., McRae, I.K., et al. (2009). Further excavations at Qaleh Kali (MS 46) by the joint ICAR‐University of Sydney Mamasani expedition: results of the 2008 season. Iranica Antiqua, 44, pp. 207–282.
34 Razmjou, S. (2010). Persepolis: a reinterpretation of palaces and their function. In J. Curtis, St J. Simpson (eds.), The World of Achaemenid Persia: History, Art and Society in Iran and the Ancient Near East. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 231–245.
35 Sancisi‐Weerdenburg, H. (1983). The Zendan and the Ka’bah. In H. Koch, D.N. MacKenzie (eds.), Kunst und Kultur der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 10. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag, pp. 145–151.
36 Schmidt, E.F. (1953). Persepolis 1: Structures, Reliefs, Inscriptions, Oriental Institute Publications 68. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
37 Schmidt, E.F. (1957). Persepolis 2: Contents of the Treasury and Other Discoveries, Oriental Institute Publications 69. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
38 Schmidt, E.F. (1970). Persepolis 3: The Royal Tombs and Other Monuments, Oriental Institute Publications 70. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
39 Seidl, U. (2003). Wie waren die achaimenidischen Doppelprotomen‐Kapitelle ausgerichtet? In W. Henkelman, A. Kuhrt (eds.), A Persian Perspective: Essays in Memory of Heleen Sancisi‐Weerdenburg, Achaemenid History 13. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, pp. 67–77.
40 Stronach, D. (1978). Pasargadae: A Report on the Excavations Conducted by the British Institute of Persian Studies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
41 Sumner, W.M. (1986). Achaemenid settlement and land use in the Persepolis plain. American Journal of Archaeology, 90, pp. 3–31.
42 Tilia, A.B. (1978). Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites of Fārs II, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Reports and Memoirs XVIII. Rome: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
43 Tuplin, C. (1996). Achaemenid Studies, Historia Einzelschriften 99. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
44 Vallat, F. (2013). The main Achaemenid inscriptions of Susa. In J. Perrot (ed.), The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, pp. 281–294.
45 Wuttmann, M. (2001). Les qanâts de ‘Ayn‐Manâwir (oasis de Kharga, Égypte). In P. Briant (ed.), Irrigation et drainage dans l’antiquité: Qanats et canalisations souterraines en Iran, Persika 2. Paris: Thotm Édition, pp. 109–136.
46 Yoyotte, J. (2013). The Egyptian statue of Darius. In J. Perrot (ed.), The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. London, New York: I.B. Tauris, pp. 241–279.
47 Zehbari, Z. (2020), The Borazjan Monuments: A Synthesis of Past and Recent Works, ARTA 2020.002, pp. 1–52.
FURTHER READING
1 Álvarez‐Mon, J., Garrison, M.B. (eds.) (2011). Elam and Persia. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. Deals almost exclusively with southwestern Iran in the last century before Cyrus.
2 Boucharlat, R. (2005). Iran. In P. Briant, R. Boucharlat (eds.), L’archéologie de l’empire achéménide, nouvelles recherches, Persika 6. Paris: De Boccard, pp. 221–272. Provides, grouped by region, an overview of all then known important sites in Fārs and Khūzestān.
3 Boucharlat, R., De Schacht, T., and Gondet, S. (2012). Surface reconnaissance in the Persepolis plain (2005–2008): new data on the city organisation and landscape management. In G.P. Basello, A.V. Rossi (eds.), Dariosh Studies II: Persepolis and its Settlements: Territorial System and Ideology in the Achaemenid State. Napoli: Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale,” pp. 249–290. The first study of the wider city and territory of the site beyond the Royal Quarter.
4 Curtis, J., Simpson, St J. (eds.) (2010). The World of Achaemenid Persia. London: I.B. Tauris, pp. 179–320. Deals with art, architecture, and archaeology of the royal residences in southwestern Iran.
5 Curtis, J., Tallis, N. (eds.) (2005). Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. London: The British Museum Press. Mainly concerns artefacts and documents from Persepolis and Susa in the British Museum, the Louvre and the National Museum of Iran.
6 Harper, P.O., Aruz, J., and Tallon, F. (eds.) (1992). The Royal City of Susa. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 215–252. Deals with the architecture and material of the Achaemenid period of that site.
7 Mousavi, A. (2012). Persepolis: Discovery and Afterlife of a World Wonder. Boston, MA, Berlin: de Gruyter. Deals with history of reception and research at the site from the early travelers to the modern excavations.
8 Perrot J. (ed.) (2013). The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. London: I.B. Tauris. The final report of the French excavations in the 1970s taking into account previous excavations from the late nineteenth century.
9 Potts, D.T. (2015). The Archaeology of Elam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 309–353. Devotes a chapter on Susa during the Achaemenid period.
10 Schmidt, E.F. (1953–1970). Persepolis I, II, III, Oriental Institute Publications 68–70. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. The final report of the American excavations at Persepolis and Naqsh‐i Rustam in 1934–1939.
11 Stronach, D. (1978). Pasargadae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. The final report on the 1961–1963 British excavations of Cyrus' residence.
NOTE
1 1 For the system of naming the Achaemenid inscriptions, see Chapter 6 The Inscriptions of the Achaemenids.
CHAPTER 16 Media
Bruno Jacobs and David Stronach†
In the absence of any written records from pre‐Achaemenid Media, and in the absence – until not very long ago – of any archeological evidence from the Median homeland that could be associated with the Medes in the 200 years that preceded Cyrus II's capture of the Median capital, Hagmatana (modern Hamadan), in 550 BCE, the Median Logos of Herodotus (1. 95–106) long remained the only readily available, seemingly broadly acceptable history of the ancient Medes. Thus, even if Herodotus' description of ancient Hagmatana was never taken to be anything but fanciful (cf. Herzfeld 1941: p. 200), most scholars were content – at least until the early 1980s – to accept the Herodotean portrayal of the Medes as the rulers of an extended empire that was somewhat similar in character and extent to the subsequent Achaemenid Persian realm. This general acceptance of the Herodotean version of Median history was influential, not least, in terms of the different areas of expertise that the Medes were presumed to have possessed. Such areas were thought to have included the maintenance of written records, an ability to carve bas‐reliefs, and the necessary skills to create the first rock‐cut tombs in Iran (cf. Ghirshman 1964: p. 89).