Diagram of the apparatus used to measure the surface tension of ...Figure 2.29 Contact angle made by a sessile droplet.Figure 2.30 Schematic diagram of the contact angle apparatus.Figure 2.31 Methylation of the silica surface.
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 This diagram illustrates the theoretical calculation of the energ...Figure 3.2 Experimental data which shows the effect of degassed levels on th...Figure 3.3 Calculated cavitation pressures for water obtained using Equation...Figure 3.4 Effect of degassing on cavitation pressure in water.Figure 3.5 Photograph of a propeller used to study cavitation in the laborat...Figure 3.6 Cavitation occurring in air‐equilibrated water at atmospheric pre...Figure 3.7 Cavitation produced in the left‐hand beaker following pressure re...Figure 3.8 Complete cavitation prevention after gassed water was replaced wi...Figure 3.9 Cavitation occurring in flowing tap water at atmospheric pressure...Figure 3.10 Cavitation was completely prevented in gassed tap water after fl...Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram of stationary or boundary layer formation as a...Figure 3.12 Calculated degassing level produced in a thin (quiescent) film o...Figure 3.13 Proposed cavitation number applied to systems with different deg...Figure 3.14 Photograph of a system used to study membrane degassing effects ...Figure 3.15 Vacuum pump system to study the effects of degassing on cavitati...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Diagram of the variation in solute concentration at an interface ...Figure 4.2 Diagram to illustrate the change in surface energy caused by the ...Figure 4.3 Typical experimental graph of measured surface energy versus conc...Figure 4.4 Schematic diagram of a pore that can be formed in clay crystal do...Figure 4.5 Surface tension data for aqueous solutions of a surfactant with a...Figure 4.6 Schematic diagram of the decrease in surface tension with concent...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic diagram of surfactant molecules adsorbed at the water/a...Figure 5.2 Diagram illustrating the sharp change in a range of solution prop...Figure 5.3 Schematic diagram of a surfactant micelle.Figure 5.4 Sudan yellow is a water‐insoluble organic dye, seen at the bottom...Figure 5.5 Calculated concentrations of micelles, CTA+ and Br− ions fo...Figure 5.6 Use of the critical packing parameter to predict surfactant aggre...Figure 5.7 Illustration of the removal of hydrophobic oil from a fibre using...Figure 5.8 Diagram of how surfactant molecules can stabilize water droplets ...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Photograph of a water droplet (left) and a droplet of tetradecane...Figure 6.2 Schematic diagram of the origin of the hydrophobic attraction bet...Figure 6.3 Schematic diagram of the mode of action of a chelating surfactant...Figure 6.4 Sodium octanate or sodium octylsulfonate.Figure 6.5 Cocamidopropyl betaine or lauramidopropyl betaine and hexaethylen...Figure 6.6 Suitable foam/bubbling flotation tube with pore size 2 glass sint...Figure 6.7 Foam or co‐flotation separation apparatus for removal of PFAS mod...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Light hydrocarbon oil droplets, coloured by (blue) azulene dye, p...Figure 7.2 Illustration of the effect of an adsorbed surfactant layer on the...Figure 7.3 Oil‐in‐water emulsion stabilized by the addition of surfactants....Figure 7.4 Schematic diagram of the types of structures formed at different ...Figure 7.5 Schematic diagram of the emulsion polymerization process.Figure 7.6 Simplified model of the type of structures formed in emulsion‐bas...Figure 7.7 A typical three‐phase triangular diagram for emulsions.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Diagram illustrating the ionisation of a surface immersed in air ...Figure 8.2 The diffuse electrical double layer in aqueous solution next to a...Figure 8.3 The one‐dimensional case of a flat surface.Figure 8.4 Estimates of the decay in electrostatic potential away from a cha...Figure 8.5 Estimates of the Cl− counter‐ion concentration away from a ...Figure 8.6 Estimates of the Na+ co‐ion concentration away from a flat charge...Figure 8.7 Simple model of the diffuse, averaged electrical double layer aro...Figure 8.8 Schematic diagram of the balance in forces acting on a fluid elem...Figure 8.9 Diagram of a charged colloid moving in a fluid under the action o...Figure 8.10 Theoretical calculations of the corrections required to obtain z...Figure 8.11 Measured zeta potentials of ferric flocs as a function of concen...Figure 8.12 Schematic diagram of non‐interacting and interacting charged sur...Figure 8.13 Diagram used to explain the Derjaguin approximation for the inte...Figure 8.14 Morphologies from rohm and haas Company.Figure 8.15 Ionisation of the surface of silica in water.Figure 8.16 Diagram of the dark‐field illumination system used to visualise ...Figure 8.17 Photograph of a Rank Bros MK 2 microelectrophoresis instrument....Figure 8.18 Rectangular quartz cell used to measure electromobility.
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Interaction energy between two molecules.Figure 9.2 Bjerrrum four‐point‐charge model for water.Figure 9.3 Diagram of two planar surfaces separated by distance L.Figure 9.4 Diagram of two colloidal spheres separated by distance D.Figure 9.5 Electric field around two charged plates of a capacitor.Figure 9.6 Effect of a dielectric material on the electric field within a ca...Figure 9.7 Typical responses for the real and imaginary components of the di...Figure 9.8 Two interacting identical colloidal particles.Figure 9.9 Some typical DLVO interaction curves.Figure 9.10 Measured DLVO forces between two molecularly smooth mica surface...Figure 9.11 The first time an AFM was used to measure surface forces between...Figure 9.12 Theoretical DLVO calculation of the interaction energy between t...Figure 9.13 Schematic diagram of the film formation process of latex paints....Figure 9.14 Atomic force microscope image of the surface of a drying latex p...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Illustration of the reduction in total surface area by the fusio...Figure 10.2 Deformation of rapidly colliding air bubbles in water.Figure 10.3 Surface correlated wave model to explain water film rupture.Figure 10.4 Surfactant adsorption at the surface of the bubbles stabilises t...Figure 10.5 The effect of instantaneous stretching of a soap film.Figure 10.6 Typical foam formation.Figure 10.7 Schematic diagram of the effect of drainage under gravity on the...Figure 10.8 Schematic diagram of a simple monolayer and bilayer surfactant a...Figure 10.9 Photograph of hydrophobic powdered talc spread uniformly on the ...Figure 10.10 Instantaneous removal of the talc in the centre caused by the a...Figure 10.11 Schematic diagram of the forces acting on a (Teflon) beam separ...Figure 10.12 Schematic sectional diagram of a Langmuir trough showing a surf...Figure 10.13 Diagram of a typical Langmuir trough apparatus.Figure 10.14 Langmuir‐Blodgett coating of a surfactant monolayer.Figure 10.15 Atomic force microscope image of a Langmuir‐Blodgett surfactant...Figure 10.16 Typical film pressure isotherm for a surfactant monolayer.
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Diagrammatic summary of several applications of the BCE.Figure 11.2 The effect of added salt on bubble coalescence.Figure 11.3 High‐density (non‐boiling) bubble column formed to desalinate se...Figure 11.4 The relationship between rise velocity of isolated bubbles and b...Figure 11.5 Schematic diagram of a basic BCE apparatus.Figure 11.6 Schematic diagram of a monitored BCE apparatus used for the stud...Figure 11.7 Schematic diagram of a proposed mechanism for helium‐catalysed B...Figure 11.8 Glass apparatus for measuring the enthalpy of vaporization of co...
Guide
5 Preface
10 Index