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Emergency Medical Services


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      This chapter was adapted from, and contains much of the original content of, the History of EMS Chapter authored by Robert Bass, MD, in the second edition of this volume.

      1 1 Breasted JH. Historical medicine. Bull Hist Med. 1923; 3:58–78.

      2 2 Major RH. A History of Medicine, vol. 1. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1954.

      3 3 1 Kings 17:17–24.

      4 4 Luke 10:25–37.

      5 5 Garrison FH. An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 4th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1929.

      6 6 The Gallup Poll, Field Newspaper Syndicate, June 30, 1977.

      7 7 Post CJ. Red Crossader. EMS. 1997; 64.

      8 8 Haller JS Jr. The beginnings of urban ambulance service in the United States and England. J Emerg Med. 1990; 8(6):743–55.

      9 9 Barringer ED. Bowery to Bellevue. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1950.

      10 10 Answering the call: California’s EMS legacy. Siren (A publication of the California Ambulance Association) 2020; Summer:3–4.

      11 11 Barkley KT. The history of the ambulance. Proc Int Cong Hist Med. 1974; 23:456–66.

      12 12 Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GB. Closed chest cardiac massage. JAMA. 1960; 173:1064–7.

      13 13 Safar P, Brown TC, Holtey WJ, Wilder RJ. Ventilation and circulation with closed‐chest cardiac massage in man. JAMA. 1961; 176:574–6.

      14 14 Eisenberg MS. Life in the Balance: Emergency Medicine and the Quest to Reverse Sudden Death. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997.

      15 15 Pantridge JF, Geddes JS. A mobile intensive care unit in the management of myocardial infarction. Lancet. 1967; 2(7510): 271–3.

      16 16 Committee on Trauma and Committee on Shock. Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1966.

      17 17 Committee on Trauma. Minimal equipment for ambulances. Bull Am Coll Surgs. 1961; 46:136–7.

      18 18 Committee on Trauma. Minimal equipment for ambulances. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1967; 52:92–6.

      19 19 Hampton OP. The systematic approach to emergency medical services. Arch Environ Health. 1970; 21(2):214–17.

      20 20 Hampton OP. Transportation of the injured: a report. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1960; 45:55–9.

      21 21 President’s Commission on Highway Safety. Health, Medical Care, and Transportation of Injured. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965.

      22 22 National Highway Safety Act of 1966 (US), PL No. 89–564.

      23 23 Jelenko C, Frey CF. Emergency Medical Services: An Over View. Bowie, MD: Brady Company, 1976.

      24 24 Committee on Trauma. Recommendations for an Approach to an Urgent National Problem. Proceedings of the Airlie Conference on Emergency Medical Services. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons, American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 1969.

      25 25 Commission of Emergency Medical Services. Recommendations of the Conference on the Guidelines for the Categorization of Hospital Emergency Capabilities. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1971.

      26 26 Nagel EL, Hirschman JC, Nussenfeld SR, Rankin D, Lundblad E. Telemetry medical command in coronary and other mobile emergency care systems. JAMA. 1970; 214(2):332–8.

      27 27 Lewis RP, Stang JM, Fulkerson PK, Sampson KL, Scoles A, Warren JV. Effectiveness of advanced paramedics in a mobile coronary care system. JAMA. 1979; 241:1902–4.

      28 28 American Heart Association, National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAMA. 1966; 198(4):372–9.

      29 29 Boyd DR, Edlich RF, Micik S. Systems Approach to Emergency Care. Norwalk, CT: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 1983.

      30 30 Committee on Emergency Medical Services. Roles and Resources of Federal Agencies in Support of Comprehensive Emergency Medical Services. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1972.

      31 31 Emergency Medical Services Systems Act of 1973 (US), PL No. 93–154, Title XII of the Public Health Service Act.

      32 32 Diehl D. The Emergency Medical Services Program. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Special Report, Number 2, 1977.

      33 33 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. National Competitive Program Grants for Regional Emergency Medical Communications Systems Administered in Cooperation with National Academy of Sciences. Program guidelines, 1973.

      34 34 Lythcott GI. Statement before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research Committee on Labor and Human Resources. In: United States Senate Hearing Report24, Feb 1979.

      35 35 Anwar AH, Hogan MH. Residency‐trained physicians: where have all the flowers gone? JACEP. 1979; 8(2):84–7.

      36 36 Emergency Medicine Residents Association. A survey by EMRA, May 1980.

      37 37 Liaison Residency Endorsement Committee. American College of Emergency Physicians. Information supplied June 1980.

      38 38 American Board of Emergency Medicine. Eligibility Requirements. East Lansing, MI: ABEM, 1976.

      39 39 Joint Review Committee on Educational Programs for EMT‐Paramedics. Essentials and Guidelines of an Accredited Educational Program for the Emergency Medical Technician‐Paramedic. Essentials adopted 1978, guidelines approved 1979.

      40 40 Eisenberg MS, Berger L, Hallstrom A. Epidemiology of cardiac arrest and resuscitation in a suburban community. JACEP. 1979; 8(1):2–5.

      41 41 McElroy CR. Citizen CPR: the role of the layperson in prehospital care. Top Emerg Med. 1980; 1(4):37–46.

      42 42 American Heart Association in collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Executive Summary: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2020; 142:S2–S27.

      43 43 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Communication: Guidelines for Emergency Medical Services. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1972.

      44 44 Emergency Medical Services Division, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. HSA 77–2036, March 1977.

      45 45 Kuehl AE, Kerr JT, Thompson JM. Urban emergency medical system: a consensus. Am J Emerg Med. 1984; 2:559–63.

      46 46 Hampton OP. Present status of ambulance services in the United States. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1965; 50:177–9.

      47 47 Division of Medical Sciences National Research Council. Summary Report of the Task Force on Ambulance Services. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 1967.

      48 48 American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. Essential equipment for ambulances. Bull Am Coll Surg. 1970; 55(5):7–13.

      49 49 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Ambulance Design Criteria. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.

      50 50 Roemer R, Kramer C, Frink JE. Planning Urban Health Services: Jungle to System. New York, NY: Springer, 1975.

      51 51 Answers to questions submitted by members of Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. In: United States Senate Hearing Report 98–100, Feb 1979.

      52 52 Committee on Emergency Medical Services. Emergency Medical Services at Midpassage. Washington, DC: National Research Council, 1978.

      53 53 Memorandum of understanding between the U.S. Department of Transportation and the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Procedures Relating to Emergency Medical Services Systems. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing