that Biko possessed the political genius that would lead him to develop an ideology and a mode of action that would irreversibly change the course of history in South Africa”.[78] Yes and no. As a young child he was not particularly interested in political life – which he left to his older brother Khaya – until he left Ginsberg for Lovedale College. As Khaya put it: “Then the giant was awakened.”
[1] Steve Biko (1977). Interview with Bernard Zylstra. “The Struggle for South Africa”, An Interview With Steve Biko, 1978.
[2] Michael Burawoy and Karl von Holdt (2012). Conversations with Bourdieu: The Johannesburg Moment (Johannesburg: Wits University Press), 122.
[3] Noel Mostert (1992). Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa’s Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People (London: Cape Publishers), 1278.
[4] Daniel Magaziner (2010). The Law and the Prophets: Black Consciousness in South Africa, 1968-1977 (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press), 6.
[5] Cornel West (1993). Race Matters (New York: Vintage Books), 56.
[6] Frantz Fanon (1963). The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press), 226-227.
[7] Lewis Nkosi (2006 [1981]). “Negritude: New and Old Perspectives” in Lindy Stiebel and Liz Gunner (eds) (2006) Still Beating the Drum: Critical Perspectives on Lewis Nkosi (Johannesburg: Wits University Press).
[8] DDT Jabavu (1928). The Segregation Fallacy and Other Papers (Alice: Lovedale Press). Cited in Gail Gerhart (1978). Black Power in South Africa: The Evolution of an Ideology (Berkeley: University of California Press), 35. Jabavu was the first black professor at the University of Fort Hare and later became president of the South African Institute of Race Relations and the All African Convention. Like his father John Tengo – discussed below – DDT became a towering force in black political and intellectual life.
[9] Bhekizizwe Peterson (2000). Monarchs, Missionaries and Intellectuals (Johannesburg: Wits University Press).
[10] David Attwell (2005). Rewriting Modernity (Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press), 23.
[11] Ian Martin Macqueen (2011). “Re-imagining South Africa: Black Consciousness, Radical Christianity and the New Left, 1967-1977”, PhD thesis, University of Sussex, 24.
[12] Attwell, Rewriting Modernity, 20.
[13] Biko cited in Macqueen, Re-imagining South Africa.
[14] Hitchens, Arguably, 41.
[15] Noni Jabavu (1963). The Ochre People: Scenes from a South African Life (London: Murray). Noni Jabavu was one of DDT Jabavu’s daughters.
[16] Noni Jabavu (1960). Drawn in Colour: African Contrasts (London: Murray).
[17] In his book A Living Man From Africa, Roger Levine calls the chief Jan Tzatzoe. Here I use the Xhosa version of his name, Dyani Tshatshu, except where it is in a direct quotation from Levine.
[18] Donovan Williams (1983). The Journal and Selected Writings of the Reverend Tiyo Soga (Cape Town: AA Balkema).
[19] Levine, A Living Man from Africa, 54.
[20] In Mostert, Frontiers, 653.
[21] Williams, The Journal and Selected Writings of the Reverend Tiyo Soga, 172-173.
[22] Mostert, Frontiers, 463.
[23] Magaziner, The Law and the Prophets, 23.
[24] Levine, A Living Man from Africa, 13.
[25] Levine, A Living Man from Africa, 24-25.
[26] Martin Legassick (2010). The Struggle for the Eastern Cape 1800-1854 (Johannesburg: KMN Review Publishers), 59.
[27] Nigel Penn (2005). The Forgotten Frontier (Athens: Ohio University Press), 28.
[28] Penn, The Forgotten Frontier, 113.
[29] Penn, The Forgotten Frontier, 123.
[30] Penn, The Forgotten Frontier, 227.
[31] Mostert, Frontiers, 1992, 480.
[32] Georges Lefebvre (2011). Napoleon (New York: Routledge), 306.
[33] Lefebvre, Napoleon, 307.
[34] Lefebvre, Napoleon, 47.
[35] Lefebvre, Napoleon, 308.
[36] Levine, A Living Man from Africa, 12.
[37] Jeff Peires (1981). The House of Phalo: A History of the Xhosa People in the Days of Their Independence (Johannesburg: Ravan Press), 53.
[38] SEK Mqhayi (2009). Abantu Besizwe: Historical and Biographical Writings, 1902-1944 (Johannesburg: Wits University Press), 286.
[39] Mqhayi is