climate sensitivity. Journal of Climate, 15, pp. 3117–3121.
12 Held, D. Hervey, A. and Theros, M., eds., (2011). The Governance of Climate Change: Science, Economics, Politics and Ethics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
13 Helm, D. and Hepburn, C, (2009). The Economics and Politics of Climate Change. Oxford University Press.
14 Helweg‐Larsen T. and J. Bull. (2007). Zero Carbon Britain. Centre for Alternative Technology, Machynlleth, Powys, Wales.
15 IPCC. (2007). Impacts; Adaptation and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II, Brussell.
16 IPCC. (2011). Summary for policymakers. O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs‐Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, et al. (Eds.), IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY.
17 IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5 °C. In: Masson‐Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pörtner, H. O., Roberts, D., Skea, J., Shukla, P.R., Pirani, A., et al. (eds) An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre‐industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and eforts to eradicate poverty. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf (accessed 22 December 2020).
18 IPCC. (2019). Special report on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. 51st Session of the IPCC, Monaco, 25 September 2019.
19 Lacis, A.A. (2012). Greenhouse effect. In: Liu, G., Ed., Greenhouse Gases‐Emissions, Measurement and Management. Intech, Crocia 5–110.
20 Levitus, S., Antonov, J. & Boyer, T. (2005). Geophysical Research Letters 32, L02604, doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021592.
21 Makhijani, Arjun (2008). Carbon‐Free and Nuclear‐Free: A Roadmap for US Energy Policy. Rdr Books, Berkeley.
22 Martinot, E. and L. Junfeng. (2007). Powering China's Development: The Role of Renewable Energy, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC.
23 Mendenhall, C. D., Karp, D. S., Meyer, C. F., Hadly, E. A. and Daily, G. C. (2014). Predicting biodiversity change and averting collapse in agricultural landscapes. Nature 509, pp. 213–217.
24 Morice, C. P., J. J. Kennedy, N. A. Rayner, and P. D. Jones (2012). Quantifying uncertainties in global and regional temperature change using an ensemble of observational estimates: the HadCRUT4 dataset, Journal of Geophysical Reearch, 117 D08101.
25 Myles, et al. (2009). Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne, Nature, 458, pp. 30.
26 Nathan, P., Daithi, A., Peter, A. S. et al. (2008). Attribution of polar warming to human influence. Nature Geoscience, 1, pp. 750–754.
27 Newton, D. E. (2012). World Energy Crisis: A Reference Handbook, ABC‐CLIO, Incorporated, pp. 334.
28 OECD/IEA. (2004). Renewables for Power Generation: Status and Prospect. OECD/IEA.
29 Parry, Ian W.H. and Roberton C. Williams. (2013). Efficiency and distributional trade‐offs in recycling carbon cap‐and‐trade revenues. B. E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy.
30 Rees W. E (1999). The built environment and the ecosphere: a global perspective. Building Research and Information 27(4), pp. 206–20.
31 REN21. (2017). Renewables 2017 Global Status Report. Paris: REN21.
32 Siddall, M., Stocker, T.F. and Clark, P.U. (2009). Constrains on future sea‐level from past sea‐level change. Nature Geoscience, 2, pp. 571–575.
33 Tsai, W.T. and Chou, Y.H. (2006). An overview of renewable energy utilization from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration in Taiwan. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 10, pp. 491–502
34 United Nations. (2001). World Urbanization Project: The 1999 Revision. New York: The United Nations Population Division.
35 Valentine, S.V. (2011). Emerging symbiosis: renewable energy and energy security. Renewble & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp. 4572–4578.
36 Varun, R. Prakash and I.K. Bhat. (2009). Energy, economics and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13, pp. 2716–2721.
37 Veritas. Press Release, 2004.
38 Wang, B., Liang, X.J., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Wei, Y.M. (2014a). Vulnerability of hydropower generation to climate change in China: results based on Grey forecasting model. Energy Policy, 65, pp. 701–707.
39 Wang, B., Nistor, I., Murty, T. and Wei, Y.M. (2014b). Efficiency assessment of hydroelectric power plants in Canada: a multi criteria decision making approach. Energy Economics, 46, pp. 112–121.
40 Wei, Y.M., G. Wu, Liang, Q.M. and Liao H. (2012). China Energy Report (2012): Energy Security Research. Science Press, Beijing.
41 Wei, Y.M., Liao H., Wang, K. and Hao Y. (2014). China Energy Report (2014): Energy Poverty Research. Science Press, Beijing.
42 WWF (2006). Climate Change Impacts in the Amazon – Review of scientific literature, World Wide Fund for Nature. Presentation at the 8th UN Conference of the Parties to the Biodiversity Convention.
2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability
Jyoti Tyagi
Department of Chemistry, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
2.1 Introduction
Energy is regarded as an essential and crucial commodity for the economic growth of a country and more importantly for developing nations. Energy resources whether renewable or non‐renewable are consumed to generate electricity to meet the energy demand of a nation (Sorrell 2015). At present, main sources of energy are fossil fuels, namely coal, natural gas and petroleum‐based fuels (Balat 2007; Abas et al. 2015). Identification of non‐renewable energy sources and past, present and future of these energy sources are exhaustively studied. Industrial revolution has exploited these resources at a rapid rate. Extensive use of these energy resources leads to increase in CO2 amount on earth. Non‐renewable energy sources dependency poses a threat on the earth's environment which ultimately leads to negative impact on global climate (Martins et al. 2019). Further, current consumption of fossil fuels and their continuously increasing demand also endanger biodiversity on the earth (Harfoot et al. 2018). There is a huge pressure on existing energy resources due to exponential increase in the world population. Looking at the reserves of the non‐renewable energy resources (Zou et al. 2016) and to achieve the goal of energy sustainability in future, use of renewable energy sources seems to be a viable solution (Güney 2019). So, it becomes important to develop new methods to harness energy from the renewable sources of energy. Further, due to enormous exploitation of conventional resources, a worldwide competition has started for energy production from the renewable energy sources (Ellabban et al. 2014). However, in the past many questions were raised on utility and effectiveness of the renewable energy sources. Can these energy resources really supersede the non‐renewable energy sources (York 2012; Stuermer and Schwerhoff 2015)? Looking at energy conversion efficiency of the alternative sources of energy (Yaramasu et al. 2015; Ma et al. 2018; Sahli et al. 2018), it can be realized that these energy sources have a long way to go before replacing fossil fuels as source of energy.
In recent times, worldwide potential research is going in the field of alternative sources of energy. New technologies are evolving to increase the energy conversion efficiency, reduce the cost of power production and feasibility for large‐scale production in nearly all the renewable energy sources sectors i.e. solar (Kannan and Vakeesan 2016; Pandey et al. 2016), wind (IRENA 2019a), hydro (Kougias et al. 2019), geothermal (Olasolo