4.18 Schematic diagram illustrating the two contributions to the magn...Figure 4.19 Schematic illustration of magnetic domains in a ferromagnetic ma...Figure 4.20 (a) Part of Fe3O4 crystal structure showing the tetrahedral a si...Figure 4.21 Magnetization curve for a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materia...Figure 4.22 (a) Vibration of a sphere connected by springs. (b) The atomic v...Figure 4.23 Chart showing the thermal conductivity values for a variety of m...Figure 4.24 Reflection, transmission, and absorption of a light beam inciden...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Various types of surface characteristics: (a) rough or smooth; (b...Figure 5.2 Illustration of lower coordination and disrupted bonding of outer...Figure 5.3 Contributions to the Gibbs free energy change due to change in ar...Figure 5.4 Wetting behavior between a liquid and a solid showing (a) good we...Figure 5.5 Zisman plot for polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) using various liqu...Figure 5.6 Homogeneous wetting (a) and heterogeneous wetting (b) of a rough ...Figure 5.7 Images showing contact angle of a deionized water drop on (a) mac...Figure 5.8 Illustration of the formation of an oxide surface layer on a clea...Figure 5.9 A model for reorientation of polymer surface functional groups du...Figure 5.10 Interaction of incident beam (electrons or X‐rays) with a solid,...Figure 5.11 XPS survey spectrum for an autoclaved titanium dental implant....Figure 5.12 XPS high‐resolution spectrum of the Ti 2p peak for a machined ti...Figure 5.13 Production of surface charge on a hydroxylated metal oxide surfa...Figure 5.14 Production of negative or positive surface charge on surface com...Figure 5.15 Production of surface charge on a surface devoid of functional g...Figure 5.16 Illustration of the electrostatic charge distribution surroundin...Figure 5.17 Zeta potential as a function of pH, as measured by the streaming...Figure 5.18 Examples of surface topography accidentally introduced (a, b) or...Figure 5.19 Schematic illustrating surface roughness parameters that can hav...Figure 5.20 Emissions produced by the interaction of an electron beam with a...Figure 5.21 EDS spectrum of a borosilicate glass examined in the SEM, showin...Figure 5.22 Schematic illustrating (a) the main components of the AFM techni...Figure 5.23 Schematic curve of force versus separation between the tip and s...Figure 5.24 Schematic illustrating the principle of optical interferometry....Figure 5.25 Topography of as‐fabricated silicon nitride obtained by (a) SEM,...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Polymorphic transformation in iron, titanium, and cobalt.Figure 6.2 Free energy as a function of radius of nucleus. ΔG* is the free e...Figure 6.3 Activation energy q required for an atom to diffuse from A to B....Figure 6.4 Illustration of the variation of the transformation rate with tem...Figure 6.5 (a) Diffusive transformation and (b) displacive transformation in...Figure 6.6 Time‐temperature‐transformation diagram for the FCC to BCC transf...Figure 6.7 Types of phases that can be present in a metal composed of two ph...Figure 6.8 The iron‐rich portion of the iron‐carbon phase diagram.Figure 6.9 Common production methods for metals: (a) forging, (b) rolling, (...Figure 6.10 Illustration of growth of dendritic grains during casting of a m...Figure 6.11 Obstruction of dislocation motion by precipitates. Dislocation c...Figure 6.12 Yield strength and elongation to failure (ductility) as a functi...Figure 6.13 Motion of a dislocation as it encounters a grain boundary. The b...Figure 6.14 Sketch illustrating how the microstructure of a metal is changed...Figure 6.15 Influence of alloying elements on the phase diagram of titanium ...Figure 6.16 Schematic phase diagram for Ti6Al4V that shows the martensite st...Figure 6.17 Images of Ti6Al4V microstructure produced under different therma...Figure 6.18 Portion of the cobalt–chromium phase diagram.Figure 6.19 Schematic illustration of the shape memory and superelastic effe...Figure 6.20 Illustration of stress versus strain response of superelastic an...Figure 6.21 Microstructure of porous tantalum formed by a CVD process.Figure 6.22 (a) Schematic of the surface modification of Zr alloy to produce...Figure 6.23 Optical images of Levai‐Laxzko stained sections of rat femurs im...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Types of materials in the overall field of ceramics.Figure 7.2 Microstructural flaws that may be present in ceramics.Figure 7.3 (a) Major processing steps in the production of ceramics by the s...Figure 7.4 High zirconia portion of the zirconia–yttria phase diagram. The s...Figure 7.5 Scanning electron microscope images showing typical microstructur...Figure 7.6 Illustration of transformation toughening mechanism in tetragonal...Figure 7.7 Illustration of crack deflection mechanism in silicon nitride (SiFigure 7.8 Solubility isotherms of various calcium phosphate compounds as a ...Figure 7.9 Variation of ionic concentrations in triprotic equilibrium for ph...Figure 7.10 Hydroxyapatite discs of varying porosity and pore size produced ...Figure 7.11 (a) Major steps in the setting (hardening) of calcium phosphate ...Figure 7.12 Comparison of typical calcium phosphate cement microstructure wi...Figure 7.13 Specific volume (volume per unit mass) as a function of temperat...Figure 7.14 Viscosity of three silicate glasses as a function