as represented in Figure 2.12d. It is seen that stray gassing occurs in FR3 for all aging durations, however, for JAT, overheating is observed.
2.7 Challenges in Using Natural Esters as Insulating Liquid
The challenges faced by natural esters to be used as transformer insulating liquids are mainly in the area of oxidation stability, viscosity, acidity, and pour points. They have higher pour points, lower oxidation stability, higher acidic nature, and high viscosity. Generally, higher viscosity results in lower heat transfer capability. The lower the heat dissipation, the higher is the hotspot temperature. However, some literatures have suggested that having a high specific heat capacity and high thermal conductivity upgrades natural esters to exhibit better cooling performance [68]. The higher hotspot temperature leads to faster degradation of paper and oil. The cost involved in processing the NEO is higher than that of MO; therefore, the final price of NEO is higher than the MO. However, the growing needs for an efficient and eco‐friendly insulating liquid for transformers have been on the rise, so the requirements for the natural esters are increasing. Additives are used for lowering pour points and increasing the oxidation stability; however, these additives lead to the nonuniform electric field in the liquid insulation. The adding of additives also leads to increase in viscosity. The production of natural esters from edible sources will also lead to concern regarding the food economy. The NEO must therefore be processed from the nonedible seeds to avoid the food crisis. The time required for growing nonedible vegetable seeds from the plants is a long process, whereas MO can be quickly extracted from the crude oil.
Figure 2.12 (a) DGA analysis of aged FR3 and JAT – ethane, ethylene, and hydrogen, (b) carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, (c) Duval Triangle 3 for the aged FR3 and JAT oil samples, and (d) Duval Triangle 6 for the aged FR3 and JAT oil samples.
Source: Baruah et al. [73] / with permission of IEEE.
The chemical structure of natural esters and MOs are not the same, but they comprise analogous bonds, like C–H bonds, so the fault gasses are similar for both the fluids. DGA helps in analyzing the incipient faults in MO, which too can be used for fault detection in natural esters, under thermal and electrical fault conditions. The formation of fault gases takes place when the chemical bonds are broken. The formation of gases in natural esters is greater during PD and lower in arcing, when compared with MO. As the standard for gas formation is mainly concentrated toward MO, it becomes essential to critically analyze the gases generated in natural esters. The key fault gases are significant for interpretation of faults in the transformer. Thus, it is critical to recognize the key gases of natural esters under diverse types of faults so that accurate identification is done. As different types of ester oils come from a variety of seeds and fruits, the content of triglycerides vary in each one of them, and thus the evolution of dissolved gases is different. Therefore, it is imperative to develop and establish a standard method by which dissolved gases can be estimated for all the natural esters effectively.
The solid insulation needs to be impregnated properly with the liquid insulation for enhanced performance by the composite dielectric system. Natural ester‐based fluids have greater viscosities than the conventional MO, which leads to more impregnation time by the ester oil. When the thickness of pressboard is higher, and the insulating oil is a natural ester, it creates a challenge as the viscosity of the liquid is higher and the time taken for impregnation increases accordingly. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the impregnation process of thicker solid insulation by both NEOs and MO and it was observed that with the rise temperature of the oil, viscosity is reduced and thus decreases the impregnation time. Some studies have ascertained that adequate impregnation of solid insulation with natural esters can be attained at 60 °C within identical time as compared with MO at 20 °C [77].
The design of the transformer or other electrical apparatus, employing MO, also needs to be redesigned to use NEOs as an insulating medium. The design needs to be reviewed and approved and should meet all the requirements to come into the market. The function of the oil is to provide insulation and act as a coolant in the apparatus, and this is regarded as one of the most important areas to be looked into while altering the conventional MO and replacing it with a new fluid. The reaction with the solid insulation, conducting parts, and the thermal losses are to be taken into account while designing the new apparatus. It is desirable to take all these precautions in mind while evaluating the design procedure as the whole insulation system will have an impact on the electrical network, its operation and maintenance, as well as the economic system.
The natural esters have an inherently higher viscosity than the MO, which decreases the flowability of the liquid. This hampers the heat transfer across sections inside a transformer and to the exterior. Apparently, this indicates that the heat transfer by the natural esters is lower than the MO. However, this is not always true as for a higher heat transfer coefficient, the thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density are expected to be of higher value, whereas viscosity should be lower. It is certain that the viscosity of the NEOs is higher than the MO. But the higher viscosity of natural esters may be compensated by a much higher thermal conductivity value. Therefore, an optimum point has to be attained where the heat transfer is higher in case of natural esters.
2.8 Conclusions and Future Scope
Insulating liquids form the major part of any insulation system in many types of power apparatus, including transformers, cables, and capacitors. The characteristics of the insulating liquids are different for different applications. MOs are the conventional insulating liquids used in transformers and they have established itself well in this area. They are low‐cost oils with good performance, so for a long time there was no competition to the MO. However, in the recent times, fire safety and environmental concerns have driven the researchers to look for other alternatives to the MO. From the aforementioned observation about the processing and evaluation of NEOs, the following conclusions are summarized:
The petroleum‐based MO has low environmental safety specifications which motivates the scientists for the development of an alternative liquid dielectric for insulation and cooling. Over the years, scientists have found out that the natural ester‐based liquid dielectric is an alternative option to overcome the demerits of petroleum‐based MO.
Natural esters are mostly extracted from the biological seeds such as soybean, pongamia, jatropha, palm fruit, etc., which make them a biodegradable material. Pretreatment of the biological seeds is a mandatory process before extraction of crude natural ester and for better yield.
The extraction of crude oil is divided into two categories, namely mechanical and chemical extraction. Mechanical extraction is used for bulk production of crude oil, whereas chemical extraction is mostly applicable for the laboratory scale. The crude ester oil is considered to be unfit for usage in industrial dielectric liquid applications because of its high viscosity, high acid number, and poor pour point.
Processing of the crude ester oil is required for industrial application. Therefore, the transesterification process is followed for the crude oil to prepare the natural ester for dielectric applications.
In order to ascertain the quality of the natural ester, physicochemical, thermal, and electrical characterization is carried out.
Since natural ester is biodegradable in nature, the chemical and thermal degradation analysis is carried out to understand the degradation behavior of the natural ester.
Postoperative condition of the natural esters in power apparatus are analyzed using the DGA by which incipient faults are detected in the aged oil. These methods include the gas