Chapman AR, Shah ASV, Lee KK, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with type 2 myocardial infacrtion and myocardial injury. Circulation 2018; 137 (12):1236–1245. British registry, in which all type 2 MI, with or without CAD, had high non-cardiac mortality.
Vasospasm
1 13. Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, et al. Angina pectoris. 1. A variant form of angina pectoris. Am J Med 1959; 27: 375–88.
2 14. Prinzmetal M, Ekemecki A, Kennamer R, et al. Variant form of angina pectoris: previously undelineated syndrome. JAMA 1960; 174: 1791–800.
3 15. Maseri A, Severi S, de Nes M, et al. “Variant” angina: one aspect of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia: pathogenetic mechanisms, estimated incidence and clinical and coronary arteriographic findings in 138 patients. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 1019–35.
4 16. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, et al. High prevalence of a pathological response to acetylcholine testing in patients with stable angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries: the ACOVA study (Abnormal COronary VAsomotion in patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 655–662.
5 17. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, et al. Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: the CASPAR (Coronary Artery Spasm in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 523–527.
6 18. Montone RA, Niccoli G, Fracassi F, et al. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and non-obstructive coronary arteries: safety and prognostic relevance of invasive coronary provocative tests. Eur Heart J 2018; 39:91–98 (mean troponin 0.1 in this study).
MINOCA diagnosis and prognosis
1 19. Pasupathy S, Air T, Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Systematic review of patients presenting with suspected myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. Circulation 2015; 131:861–70.
2 20. Reynolds HR, Maehara A, Kwong RY, et al. Coronary Optical Coherence Tomography and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Determine Underlying Causes of Myocardial Infarction With Nonobstructive Coronary Arteries in Women. Circulation. 2021 Feb 16; 143(7):624–640. +Also: Reynolds HR, Srichai MB, Iqbal SN, et al. Mechanisms of myocardial infarction in women without angiographically obstructive coronary artery disease. Circulation 2011; 124 (13): 1414–1425
3 21. Gerbaud E, Arabucki F, Nivet H, et al. OCT and CMR for the Diagnosis of Patients Presenting With MINOCA and Suspected Epicardial Causes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Dec; 13(12):2619–2631.
4 22. Roe MT, Harrington RA, Prosper DM, et al. Clinical and therapeutic profile of patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes who do not have significant coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 102: 1101–6.
5 23. Tamis-Holland JE, Jneid H, Reynolds HR, et al. Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Myocardial Infarction in the Absence of Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 139(18):e891–e908.
6 24. Rossini R, Capodanno D, Lettieri C, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome and nonobstructive coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2013; 112: 150–5.
7 25. Hirsch A, Windhausen F, Tijssen JGP, et al Diverging associations of an intended early invasive strategy compared with actual revascularization, and outcome in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the problem of treatment selection bias. Eur Heart J 2009; 30, 645–54.
8 26. Leurent G, Langella B, Fougerou C, et al. Diagnostic contributions of cardiac magnetic resolution imaging in patients presenting with elevated troponin, acute chest pain syndrome, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104: 161–70.
9 27. Assomull RG, Lyne JC, Keenan N, et al. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients presenting with chest pain, raised troponin, and unobstructed coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1242–9.
Hs-troponin and prognosis
1 28. Shah ASV, Anand A, Sandoval Y, et al. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I at presentation in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome: a cohort study. Lancet 2015; 386:2481.
2 29. Sandoval Y, Smith SW,Love SA, et al. Single high-sensitivity troponin I to rule out acute myocardial infarction. Am J Med 2017; 130 (9): 1076–1083 (UTOPIA).
3 30. Than M, Cullen L, Aldous S, et al. 2-Hour accelerated diagnostic protocol to assess patients with chest pain symptoms using contemporary troponins as the only biomarker: the ADAPT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 2091–8. Even with standard troponin assay, an undetectable troponin level < 0.01 ng/ml is associated with a very low risk of events at 30 days.
4 31. Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, et al. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ 2006; 333: 1091.
5 32. Braunwald E, Morrow DA. Unstable angina: is it time for a requiem? Circulation 2013; 127: 2452–7.
Peri-PCI MI
1 33. Prasad A, Gersh BJ, Bertrand ME, et al. Prognostic significance of periprocedural versus spontaneously occurring myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes. An analysis from the ACUITY trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 477–86.
2 34 Moussa ID, Klein LW, Shah B, et al. Consideration of a new definition of clinically relevant myocardial infarction after coronary revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 1563–70.
Zero flow LVEDP
1 35. Spaan JAE, Piek JJ, Hoffman JIE, Siebes M. Physiological basis of clinically used coronary hemodynamic indices. Circulation 2006; 113: 446–55.
Clinical approach
1 36 Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64: e139–228. Note, also, that 2007 AHA/ACC guidelines are relevant: J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 1–157.
2 37. Lee TH, Cook F, Weisberg M, et al. Acute chest pain in the emergency room. Identification and examination of low-risk patients. Arch Intern Med 1985; 145: 65.
3 38. Swap CJ, Nagurney JT. Value and limitations of chest pain history in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2005; 294: 2623–9.
ECG
1 39. Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Wears RL, et al. Risk stratification according to the initial electrocardiogram in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149:1294–7.
2 40. Fesmire FM, Percy RF, Bardoner JB, et al. Usefulness of automated serial 12-lead ECG monitoring during the initial emergency department evaluation of patients with chest pain. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 3.
3 41. Pope JH, Ruthazer R, Beshansky JR, et al. Clinical features of emergency department patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute cardiac ischemia: a multicenter study. J Thromb Thrombolysis 1998; 6: 63.
4 42. Pope JH, Aufderheide TP, Ruthazer R, et al. Missed diagnoses of acute cardiac ischemia in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1163–70. Among patients considered normal or non-specific ECG, 2% are eventually diagnosed with MI within 30 d (~75% of which are non-Q MI) and 2% unstable angina (mainly on 1–3 d follow-up visit; prospective analysis). Troponin was not used, just ECG and CK-MB.
5 43. Krishnaswamy A, Lincoff AM, Menon V. Magnitude and consequences of missing the acute infarct-related circumflex artery. Am Heart J 2009; 158: 706–12.
6 44. Gibson C, Pride YB,