Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular and Bleeding Events in Patients Receiving PCI: The STOPDAPT-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2019;321:2414-27. Post-DES DAPT duration of 1 month (followed by clopidogrel monotherapy) was as safe as 12 months, with less bleeding (25% MI at baseline).
5 102. Mehran R, Baber U, Sharma SK, et al. Ticagrelor With or Without Aspirin in High-Risk Patients After PCI. N Engl J Med 2019;381:2032-2042.
6 103. Hahn JY, Song YB, Oh JH, et al. 6-month versus 12-month or longer of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a randomized, open label, non-inferiority trial (SMART DATE). Lancet 2018; 391: 1274-1284. In ACS, 6-month DAPT was associated with higher MI than 12-month, but less bleeding and similar mortality.
7 104. Airoldi F, Colombo A, Morici N. Incidence and predictors of drug-eluting stent thrombosis during and after discontinuation of thienopyridine treatment. Circulation 2007; 116: 745–54.
8 105. Schulz S, Schuster T, Mehilli J, et al. Stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation: incidence, timing, and relation to discontinuation of clopidogrel therapy over a 4-year period. Eur Heart J 2009; 30: 2714–21.
Dual antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation
1 106. Sorensen R, Hansen ML, Abildstrom SZ, et al. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet 2009; 374: 1967–74.
2 107. Dewilde WJ, Oirbans T, Verheugt FW, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet 2013; 30; 381: 1107–15. WOEST trial.
3 108. Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016;375:2423-2434. PIONEER trial
4 109. Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Olgren J, et al. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 1513-1524. RE-DUAL PCI trial
5 110. Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:1509-1524. AUGUSTUS trial
6 111. Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Eckardt L, et al. Edoxaban-based versus vitamin K antagonist-based antithrombotic regimen after successful coronary stenting in patients with atrial fibrillation (ENTRUST-AF PCI): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2019;394:1335-43.
7 112. Angiolillo DJ, Bhatt DL, Cannon CP, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with oral anticoagulation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A North American Perspective: 2021 update. Circulation. 2021; 143(6):583–596.
8 113. Yasuda S, Kaikita K, Akao M, et al., on behalf of the AFIRE Investigators. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1103-13.
9 114. Lamberts M, Gislason GM, Lip GYH, et al. Antiplatelet therapy for stable coronary artery disease in atrial fibrillation patients on oral anticoagulant: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2014; 129: 1577–85.
Other discharge medications
1 115. Hjalmarson Å, Herlitz J, Målek L, et al. Effect on mortality of metoprolol in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1981; ii: 823–7.
2 116. Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, et al. β-Blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012; 308: 1340–9. REACH registry. Also, FAST MI registry showed similar outcomes (mortality benefit with beta-blockers up to 1 year after MI, not beyond that): Puymirat E, Riant E, Aissaoui N, et al. Beta-blockers and mortality after myocardial infarction in patients without heart failure: multicentre prospective cohort study. BMJ 2016; 354:i4801.
3 117. Goldberger JJ, Bonow RO, Cuffe M, et al. Effect of beta-blocker dose on survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Col Cardiol 2015; 66: 1431–41.
4 118. CAPRICORN Investigators. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385–90.
5 119. PEACE Trial Investigators. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2058–68. In stable CAD patients with normal EF and SBP 130–140 mmHg, the addition of ACE-I did not improve outcomes furthermore (55% had prior MI).
6 120. SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2103–16.
7 121. Wiviott SD, Cannon CP, Morrow DA, et al. Can low-density lipoprotein be too low? The safety and efficacy of achieving very low low-density lipoprotein with intensive statin therapy: a PROVE IT-TIMI 22 substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1411–16.
8 122. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1309–21. EPHESUS trial: Eplerenone was initiated at 3-14 days after MI, but benefit was significant only if initiated at 3-7 days. Improvement in long-term but also 30-day mortality (Timing of eplerenone initiation and outcomes in patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular systolic dysfunction: insights from the EPHESUS trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11(11):1099-1105)
9 123. Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, et al. Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1909–17.
Prognosis
1 124. Savonitto S, Ardissino D, Granger CB, et al. Prognostic value of the admission electrocardiogram in acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 1999; 281: 707. From GUSTO 2b.
2 125. Lagerqvist B, Husted S, Kontny F, et al. 5-year outcomes in the FRISC-II randomised trial of an invasive versus a non-invasive strategy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: a follow-up study. Lancet 2006; 368: 998–1004. FRISC II, 5-year follow-up.
3 126. Stone GW, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. A prospective natural-history study of coronary atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 226–35. +Also: Glaser R, Selzer F, Faxon DP, Laskey WK, Cohen HA, Slater J, Detre KM, Wilensky RL. Clinical progression of incidental, asymptomatic lesions discovered during culprit vessel coronary intervention. Circulation. 2005 Jan 18; 111(2):143-9.
Complex plaques and CAD progression
1 127. Ambrose JA, Winters SL, Stern A, et al. Angiographic morphology and the pathogenesis of unstable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5: 609–16.
2 128. Layland J, Oldroyd KG, Curzen N, et al. Fractional flow reserve vs. angiography in guiding management to optimize outcomes in non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation FAMOUS–NSTEMI randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2015; 7(32): 100–111. Similar outcomes whether PCI was FFR-guided vs angiography-guided, with less need for PCI under FFR guidance.
3 129. Van Belle E, Baptista SB, Raposo L, et al. Impact of routine fractional flow reserve on management decision and 1-year clinical outcome of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation Cardiovasc Interv 2017; 10: e004296. Deferral based on FFR is associated with similarly low outcomes in ACS patients and stable CAD patients.
4 130. Chen M, Chester MR, Redwood S, et al. Angiographic stenosis progression and coronary events in patients with “stabilized” unstable angina. Circulation 1995; 91: 2319–24.
5 131. Mancini GBJ, Hartigan PM, Bates ER, et al. Angiographic disease progression and residual risk of cardiovascular events while on optimal medical therapy: observations from the COURAGE Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 545–52.
Women and ACS
1 132.