Rhythm strip showing an episode of ventricular fibrillation wit...Figure 29.11 Chest X‐ray of a patient with an ICD (atrial and ventricular le...
19 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Schematic presentation of the main factors involved in the patho...Figure 30.2 Main outlines of the treatment of stable and decompensated ischa...Figure 30.3 Types of myocardial infarctions. Type 1, infarction related to c...
20 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C),...Figure 31.2 Regression estimates of mean plasma lipid values by age for male...Figure 31.3 Modification of lipid patterns by lifestyle change and drugs. Li...Figure 31.4 Effects on major vascular events per mmol/L reduction in LDL cho...Figure 31.5 Secondary prevention in patients with clinical ASCVD. ‘Very high...Figure 31.6 Flowchart for hepatotoxicity evaluation in patients on statin th...Figure 31.7 Flowchart for myopathy evaluation in patients on statin therapy....
21 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Pathophysiology of hypertension in older people. Age‐related vas...Figure 33.2 Suggested dynamic targets that are based on and change with pati...
22 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Schematic presentation of the pathophysiology of heart failure. ...Figure 34.2 Schematic presentation of the principles of heart failure manage...Figure 34.3 Nonpharmacological approaches in the management of heart failure...Figure 34.4 Treatment approach for symptomatic heart failure with reduced ej...
23 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Age distribution of cardiac procedures (2009–2018) in adult pati...Figure 35.2 Isolated aortic valve replacement by conventional cardiac surger...Figure 35.3 Type of cardiac surgery done in 185,013 patients undergoing hear...Figure 35.4 The rate of complications. In‐hospital mortality (circles and do...Figure 35.5 Management of STEMI patients within 12 hours of first medical co...Figure 35.6 Actuarial survival rate of 474 patients 80 years of age or older...Figure 35.7 Comparative data between an unselected population of 80‐year‐old...Figure 35.8 Choice of TAVI versus surgical AVR in the patient with severe sy...Figure 35.9 Change in procedure volume for aortic valve replacement (AVR; br...Figure 35.10 Survival following transcatheter aortic valve implantation depe...Figure 35.11 Long‐term survival of 614 consecutive patients who underwent ei...Figure 35.12 The therapeutic International Normalised Ratio (INR) window is ...Figure 35.13 Trends of surgical ablation in the US by operative procedure, 2...Figure 35.14 Adult and paediatric heart transplants according to median dono...Figure 35.15 The average yearly rate (during the first five years after pres...
24 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in age...Figure 36.2 Measurement and diagnostic characteristics of the ankle‐brachial...
25 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Diagnostic algorithm for lower‐limb DVT. DVT, deep vein thrombos...Figure 37.2 Diagnostic algorithm for PE without haemodynamic instability. PE...
26 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Decision tree for hospitalization of frail elderly patients with...
27 Chapter 40Figure 40.1 Possible mechanism for the development of aspiration pneumonia i...
28 Chapter 41Figure 41.1 Main risk factors and vulnerable groups of older people for COVI...
29 Chapter 42Figure 42.1 Inhaled medication in COPD. ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, l...
30 Chapter 45Figure 45.1 Sleep hypnogram for a young adult and an 80‐year‐old. Horizontal...
31 Chapter 46Figure 46.1 the interplay of different pathogenetic mechanisms in NPH.Figure 46.2 CT scan showing typical features of NPH, with ventricular enlarg...Figure 46.3 T1‐weighted axial view showing the maximum diameter of the horns...Figure 46.4 Coronal T1‐weighted views showing enlarged ventricles (*) and DE...Figure 46.5 T1‐weighted sagittal view through the midline showing the narrow...Figure 46.6 T1‐weighted coronal view through the posterior commissure, perpe...Figure 46.7 Idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus grading scale (iNPHGS)....Figure 46.8 Schema for predicting shunt responsiveness. A positive response ...Figure 46.9 Diagnostic criteria according to the Japanese Guidelines, 2012....Figure 46.10 Diagram of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt system.Figure 46.11 Valve pressure programming for the Codman–Hakim shunt. A built‐...Figure 46.12 Ventricles do not necessarily shrink after successful shunting....Figure 46.13 Subdural effusion. (a) Note the hypodense collection in the sub...
32 Chapter 47Figure 47.1 (a) Early changes of right MCA territory infarction on CT scan; ...Figure 47.2 Multiple areas of hyperintense wedge‐shaped cerebral infarction ...Figure 47.3 Carotid artery dissection on MR imaging. There is left carotid d...Figure 47.4 Carotid artery stenosis.Figure 47.5 Effect of surgery on the absolute risk of main trial outcomes at...
33 Chapter 48Figure 48.1 Activation on functional MRI during a choice reaction task in a ...Figure 48.2 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...Figure 48.3 Functional MRI on a choice reaction task using the affected hand...
34 Chapter 49Figure 49.1 Normal swallowing process.
35 Chapter 50Figure 50.1 Schematic representation of a subdural hematoma. The dura has tw...Figure 50.2 CT scan of a left acute SDH (hyperdensity) with associated midli...Figure 50.3 Head CT showing (a) bilateral chronic SDH (hypodensities) and (b...Figure 50.4 (a) T2‐weighted MRI showing bilateral chronic SDH; (b) T1‐weight...
36 Chapter 53Figure 53.1 MRI showing a convex aspect of the midbrain, indicating atrophy ...
37 Chapter 55Figure 55.1 Schematic presentation of the main lines of the pathogenesis of ...
38 Chapter 57Figure 57.1 Dermatomyositis. Note the erythema over the knuckles (Gottron’s ...Figure 57.2 Dermatomyositis. Muscle biopsy (Haematoxylin & Eosin stain [H&E]...Figure 57.3 Polymyositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×115). Note the endomysial inf...Figure 57.4 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (H&E, ×460). Note the two...Figure 57.5 Inclusion body myositis. Muscle biopsy (electron micrograph, ×13...Figure 57.6 Type II fibre atrophy. Muscle biopsy (ATPase, pH 9.4, ×30). The ...Figure 57.7 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.8 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.9 Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.10 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (see text).Figure 57.11 Myotonic dystrophy. Characteristic facial appearance. Note the ...Figure 57.12 Mitochondrial cytopathy. Muscle biopsy (modified Gomori trichro...
39 Chapter 63Figure 63.1 Evolution of Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis criteria over the pas...
40 Chapter 65Figure 65.1 The pyramid of vascular cognitive impairment vs. vascular dement...
41 Chapter 66Figure 66.1 Cognitive reserve.
42 Chapter 67Figure 67.1 Alzheimer’s disease and the potential roles of physical activity...
43 Chapter 68Figure 68.1 Main results of clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease over tim...
44 Chapter 69Figure 69.1 Schematic diagram depicting the spectrum of vascular cognitive i...Figure 69.2 Differentiation of clinical features of vascular dementia by ves...Figure 69.3 Schematic representation depicting how Lewy bodies (DLB) and Par...Figure 69.4 Clinico‐pathologic correlation of the clinical subtypes of front...
45 Chapter 70Figure 70.1 Conceptual model describing interactions of individuals with dem...
46 Chapter 71Figure 71.1 In this model, changes in functional connectivity, inflammation,...
47 Chapter 73Figure 73.1 Outline of the life cycle for an individual. At each stage, mult...Figure 73.2 The pyramid of services for people with mental health problems i...
48 Chapter 75Figure 75.1 Mechanisms subserving balance in humans.Figure 75.2 Normal sequence of events leading to recovery from a peripheral ...Figure 75.3 Head thrust test: normal to the left (a) and (b), abnormal to th...Figure 75.4 The Dix‐Hallpike manoeuvre for inducing positional nystagmus.Figure 75.5 Pathophysiological mechanisms of cupulolithiasis and canalithias...Figure 75.6 Particle repositioning procedure for canalithiasis of the left p...Figure 75.7 Factors predisposing to decompensation.
49 Chapter 76Figure 76.1 Schematic drawing of the major layers of the olfactory bulb and ...Figure 76.2 Scores on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Te...Figure 76.3 Male normative data for the University of Pennsylvania Smell Ide...Figure 76.4 Prevalence of smell impairment in men and women by