change and drugs.Table 31.4 RCTs with statins and benefit for ASCVD prevention in subjects a...Table 31.5 Very high risk for future ASCVD events.Table 31.6 Common secondary causes of hyperlipidaemia.Table 31.7 Pharmacologic characteristics of statins.
28 Chapter 32Table 32.1 Organ‐specific symptoms of hypoperfusion.Table 32.2 Causes of hypotension.Table 32.3 Diagnostic criteria for carotid sinus syndrome.
29 Chapter 33Table 33.1 Classifications of hypertension.Table 33.2 Main secondary causes of hypertension in older people.Table 33.3 Common types of hypertension in older people.Table 33.4 Main studies on hypertension management in older people ≥75.
30 Chapter 34Table 34.1 Principle effects of ageing on cardiovascular structure and func...Table 34.2 Effects of ageing on other organ systems.Table 34.3 Classifications and types of heart failure (HF).Table 34.4 Causes of heart failure in older people.Table 34.5 Precipitants of HF in older people.Table 34.6 Common comorbidities in older HF patients and management.Table 34.7 Pharmacological treatments for HFrEF.Table 34.8 Treatment of HFpEF: key trials.
31 Chapter 35Table 35.1 Weighted risk factors relevant to a specific individual patient ...Table 35.2 Frailty markers.Table 35.3 Factors used for shared decision‐making about type of valve pros...Table 35.4 An illustrative list of interactive factors that influence the e...Table 35.5 Target International Normalised Ratio (INR) for mechanical prost...Table 35.6 Stroke risk scoring system with acronym CHA2DS2‐VASc.
32 Chapter 36Table 36.1 Stages and symptoms of PAD.
33 Chapter 37Table 37.1 Two‐level Wells score for DVT.Table 37.2 Revised Geneva score for PE.Table 37.3 Direct oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism.
34 Chapter 39Table 39.1 Conditions that favour respiratory infections in the elderly.Table 39.2 Main findings in bronchitis and pneumonia.Table 39.3 The CRB‐65 four‐item scale to assess the severity of community‐a...Table 39.4 Pneumonia severity index (PSI) simplified for patients age ≥65, ...Table 39.5 First‐line antimicrobial therapy recommended for patients with c...Table 39.6 Choice of first‐line antibiotics for treatment of community‐acqu...Table 39.7 Prevention of pneumonia in the elderly.
35 Chapter 40Table 40.1 Aspiration syndromes.Table 40.2 Aspiration screening tests.Table 40.3 Maneuvers and exercises to prevent aspiration.
36 Chapter 41Table 41.1 Clinical characteristics of the SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV...Table 41.2 COVID‐19 death rates by age in China and Italy.Table 41.3 Benefits and pitfalls of diagnostic tests for Covid‐19.
37 Chapter 42Table 42.1 Main age‐related changes in the respiratory system.Table 42.2 Main conditions potentially affecting the quality of spirometry ...Table 42.3 Differential diagnosis of COPD.Table 42.4 Comorbid conditions classified according to their relationship w...Table 42.5 International classification of airflow obstruction severity.Table 42.6 Commonest pitfalls in the diagnosis of asthma in the elderly.Table 42.7 Differential diagnosis of asthma in the elderly.
38 Chapter 44Table 44.1 Topographical overview of age‐related neurological signs.
39 Chapter 45Table 45.1 Main sleep disorders and their key characteristics.Table 45.2 Basic sleep‐related medical history questions older people.Table 45.3 Sleep hygiene measures.Table 45.4 Pharmacological treatments.
40 Chapter 47Table 47.1 Classification of causes of stroke.Table 47.2 Differential diagnosis – stroke and TIA ‘mimics’.Table 47.3 The Barthel Index.Table 47.4 The modified Rankin Scale.Table 47.5 Contraindications to thrombolysis with rt‐PA.Table 47.6 Inclusion criteria for mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemi...Table 47.7 Early management and investigation of TIA.Table 47.8 Derived figures for Doppler ultrasound criteria for grading ICA ...Table 47.9 Management of symptomatic carotid stenosis.
41 Chapter 48Table 48.1 A summary of rehabilitation techniques in stroke.
42 Chapter 49Table 49.1 Speech symptoms associated with underlying pathology.
43 Chapter 51Table 51.1 Seizure and epilepsy data in the elderly according to IEA classi...Table 51.2 Variables that distinguish between common events and seizures in...Table 51.3 Classification of antiepileptic drug (AED) indications, doses, a...Table 51.4 Recommendations and treatment with comorbidities.Table 51.5 Relevant side effects in the elderly.
44 Chapter 52Table 52.1 Differential diagnosis of blackouts and funny turns.Table 52.2 Classification of syncope.
45 Chapter 53Table 53.1 Cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease.Table 53.2 Causes of extrapyramidal syndrome other than Parkinson’s disease...Table 53.3 Diagnosis criteria for Parkinson’s disease of the Queen Square B...Table 53.4 Methods for treating non‐motor symptoms and complications in Par...
46 Chapter 54Table 54.1 Overview and phenomenological features of non‐parkinsonian movem...Table 54.2 Myoclonus classification system based on clinical presentation.Table 54.3 Overview of drug‐induced non‐parkinsonian movement disorders. Table 54.4 Overview of treatment options for non‐parkinsonian movement disorder...
47 Chapter 56Table 56.1 Drugs that may worsen MG (see www.myaware.org/drugs‐to‐avoid for...Table 56.2 Evidence that MG is an antibody‐mediated autoimmune disease.Table 56.3 Immune disorders reported in association with MG.
48 Chapter 57Table 57.1 Acquired myopathies.Table 57.2 Inherited myopathies.Table 57.3 Patterns of drug‐induced myopathy.Table 57.4 Drugs causing painless myopathy.Table 57.5 Drugs causing painful myopathy.Table 57.6 Drugs causing acute rhabdomyolysis.Table 57.7 Classification of the muscular dystrophies.Table 57.8 Differential diagnosis of chronic progressive external ophthalmo...
49 Chapter 59Table 59.1 Classification of pain.Table 59.2 Assessment.
50 Chapter 61Table 61.1 Potential predisposing and precipitating factors (also called pot...Table 61.2 Examples of non‐pharmacologic measures to manage delirium.
51 Chapter 62Table 62.1 Potential benefits of memory clinics.Table 62.2 Diagnoses to be considered in people presenting to memory clinics...Table 62.3 Stages in memory clinic evaluation and management.Table 62.4 Examples of commonly used cognitive tests.Table 62.5 Recommendations for telling patients and family about a diagnosis...
52 Chapter 63Table 63.1 Risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease across the life...Table 63.2 AD concept in the different diagnosis criteria since 1984.Table 63.3 Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in AD.Table 63.4 Single domain and multidomain RCTs in the prevention of cognitive...
53 Chapter 65Table 65.1 Causes of pure vascular dementia.Table 65.2 Proposed terms and definitions for neuroimaging features of SVD.
54 Chapter 66Table 66.1 Participation in mentally stimulating activities and risk of cogn...Table 66.2 Levels of prevention.
55 Chapter 67Table 67.1 Observational epidemiological studies on physical activity and ri...Table 67.2 Randomized controlled trials on physical activity.Table 67.3 Suggested rules for physical activity programmes for demented pat...
56 Chapter 68Table 68.1 Anti‐amyloid monoclonal antibodies in Alzheimer’s disease.Table 68.2 Ongoing AD trials with anti‐tau drugs.Table 68.3 Ongoing clinical trials in AD with mesenchymal stem cells.Table 68.4 Ongoing Trials in preclinical stages of AD.
57 Chapter 69Table 69.1 Causes of dementia other than Alzheimer’s disease.Table 69.2 Subtypes of vascular dementia (VaD).Table 69.3 NINDS‐AIREN criteria for probable and possible vascular dementia ...Table 69.4 Characteristics of cortical and subcortical dementia.Table 69.5 Diagnostic criteria for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).Table 69.6 Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD).Table 69.7 Distinguishing features between frontotemporal dementia and Alzhe...Table 69.8 Causes of parkinsonism with cognitive impairment in the elderly.
58 Chapter 70Table 70.1 Provisional IPA definition criteria for agitation.Table 70.2 Summary of recommended pharmacological treatments for neuropsychi...Table 70.3 The DICE approach.
59 Chapter 71Table 71.1 Adaptations of psychotherapy for older adults.
60 Chapter 72Table 72.1 Common mental health disorders in older adults.Table 72.2 Common standardized scales recommended in primary care.Table 72.3 CAGE