116: The ethics of geriatric care Introduction Ageism and geriatric care Ethics and the geriatric patient Longevity, healthspan, and health promotion Conclusion References CHAPTER 117: Participation of older people in clinical trials Introduction Temporal trends in the inclusion of older people in clinical trials Determinants of participation of older people in clinical trials Facilitating the access of older people to clinical trials Conclusion References CHAPTER 118: Restraints and immobility Introduction Immobility Physical restraints Siderails Risk factors and justification Complications Outcomes of restrictive device reduction Approaches to reduce restrictive device usage Conclusion References CHAPTER 119: Centenarians Demography of centenarians: past, present, and forecasts Sex differences and the paradox of centenarians An optimistic view Compression of morbidity versus disability Heredity (nature) versus environment (nurture) Omics technologies in centenarian studies Conclusion References SECTION VI: End‐of‐life Care CHAPTER 120: End‐of‐life and palliative care Introduction to palliative care Hospice care Communication Prognostication Symptom assessment and treatment Psychosocial and spiritual domains Cross‐cultural issues Care transitions in end‐of‐life care References CHAPTER 121: End‐of‐life care: special issues Introduction The benefits of a palliative approach When to involve SPCTs Withholding and withdrawing treatment Care planning End‐of‐life and terminal care Bereavement Conclusion References PART 3: Global Healthcare Systems CHAPTER 122: Improving quality of care Introduction The history of quality Organisations leading healthcare quality improvement Quality improvement in geriatrics Healthcare financing drives quality Integrated care and population health Healthcare accreditation Quality in geriatrics hospital care Quality in the community setting Health outcomes research Clinical practice guidelines Healthcare audits as a QAPI process Future initiatives in healthcare quality Conclusion References CHAPTER 123: Clinical audit of healthcare Introduction History of clinical audits Clinical audit versus quality improvement Local versus national audit Why do a clinical audit? Designing and completing
