The impact of menopause Management of menopause References CHAPTER 85: Testicular function Introduction Decline in serum T with ageing Decline in spermatogenesis with ageing Diagnosis of hypogonadism in elderly men Laboratory diagnosis Treatment of late‐onset hypogonadism Conclusion and recommendations References CHAPTER 86: Diabetes mellitus Introduction Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and modes of presentation Diabetic foot disease Sexual function Metabolic comas Cognitive dysfunction Type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression Importance of functional evaluation Importance of detecting frailty Treatment and care issues: learning from the literature Inpatient diabetes care Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in care homes Prevention Impact of Covid‐19 on residents with diabetes in care homes Conclusion Appendix 86.1: A scheme for treating older adults with type 2 diabetes using a three‐step approach Note on insulin therapy in older adults Appendix 86.2: Individualised metabolic targets according to major international guidelines Appendix 86.3 Appendix 86.4: End‐of‐life diabetes care References CHAPTER 87: New therapies for diabetes mellitus Introduction Microvascular complications Macrovascular complications Lifestyle intervention Currently approved antiglycaemic therapies Basal insulin Bolus insulin Developing antiglycaemic classes and their characteristics Gut microbiota: a new potential target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes Conclusion References SECTION 10: Urogenital Disorders CHAPTER 88: Gynaecology and the older patient Introduction Effect of ageing on the genital tract Postmenopausal bleeding Pelvic ultrasound scan Discharge per vagina Uterovaginal prolapse Urinary incontinence Sexuality and ageing Vulval disorders Hormonal changes with ageing and menopause Nonhormonal treatment Gynaecological cancer HIV in old age Conclusion References CHAPTER 89: Prostate diseases Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia Prostate cancer Prostatitis References CHAPTER 90: The ageing bladder Introduction Anatomy of the ageing bladder Bladder physiology and correlation to the anatomy of the ageing bladder Special disease states Pharmacology as it relates to the ageing bladder Surgical disease of the ageing bladder Conclusion References
