flow details.Table 16.12 Reactive power study.Table 16.13 Fault currents study.Table 16.14 Challenges and opportunities.
16 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Comparison of different optimization techniques.
17 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Classification of microgrids.
18 Chapter 19Table 19.1 Definition of risk and reward.Table 19.2 FLC rule matrix.Table 19.3 Approaches to map effective frontier.Table 19.4 Monthly average of fuzzy output values.Table 19.5 Mean-variance calculation.Table 19.6 Random asset scenarios.Table 19.7 Comparison of results.
19 Chapter 20Table 20.1 Sensorless rotor angular frequency and position estimation performanc...Table 20.2 Summary of GSC controller’s performance during various utility distur...Table 20.3 Closed loop poles under slow dynamics.Table A.1 Specifications of PMSG based WECS.
20 Chapter 21Table 21.1 Construction and input parameters.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Global cumulative bioenergy power capacity from 2009 to 2019 [4].Figure 1.2 Bioenergy estimated share in total final energy consumption, 2017 [19...Figure 1.3 Electricity generation from biomass [35].Figure 1.4 Thermochemical options for the production of fuels, chemicals, and po...Figure 1.5 Trend of bio-fuel production for different countries over the period ...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Electricity generation scenario in India as on 31/01/2021 [3, 12].Figure 2.2 Fuzzy triangular membership function [88].Figure 2.3 Histograms obtained of the ranking for each of RE technologies from t...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Global status of renewable energy distribution from renewable and...Figure 3.2 Biomass categories, various processes of conversion and biofuel produ...Figure 3.3 Energy consumption and CO2 emission in India [3].Figure 3.4 Global renewable energy production and consumption in 2020 [3].Figure 3.5 Sustainable renewable energy production from various biomass resource...Figure 3.6 Biomass utilization in India (2019-20) for production of second-gener...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Power electronics: bridge to renewable energy sources.Figure 4.2 Power electronics is the key to electricity demand.Figure 4.3 (a) Transport CO2 emissions – Worldwide (b) Global transport CO2 emis...Figure 4.4 Renewable energy system integration using power converters.Figure 4.5 Power factor correction (a) current injection and (b) voltage injecti...Figure 4.6 (a) Current source inverter and (b) Voltage source inverter.Figure 4.7 NPC Topology for (a) 3-level DC-NPC (b) 5-level DC-NPC (c) 3-level A-...Figure 4.8 Non-isolated DC-DC converter (a) buck (b) boost (c) buck-boost (d) Cu...Figure 4.9 Isolated DC-DC converter (a) fly-back converter (b) forward converter...Figure 4.10 (a) Single-phase bridge cyclo-converter (b) 2*2 matrix converter.Figure 4.11 Block diagram for (a)fuzzy logic controller (b) artificial neural ne...Figure 4.12 (a) Three-phase two-level HVDC (b) three-phase three-level diode cla...Figure 4.13 Dynamics and control of induction motor drives.Figure 4.14 EV as an integrated system of power electronics.Figure 4.15 A PV integrated grid system.Figure 4.16 Irradiance, power curve with respect to time.Figure 4.17 Irradiance, voltage, current, power, duty cycle curve with respect t...Figure 4.18 DC link voltage (reference and actual) with respect to change in tim...Figure 4.19 Modulation index across voltage source converter with respect to cha...Figure 4.20 Direct axis and quadrature axis current with respect to time for vol...Figure 4.21 Waveform for three-phase voltage, current, active, reactive power wi...Figure 4.22 9MW wind farm integrated with the grid.Figure 4.23 Waveform for three-phase voltage, current measurement (B575) fed to ...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Experimental set up of developed aluminium corrugated SAH.Figure 5.2 (a) Influence of temperature by day hours with the flow rate of air m...Figure 5.3 Relationships of Tout and solar radiation with day time at air mass f...Figure 5.4 Relationships of thermal efficiency and radiation with day time at ma...Figure 5.5 The temperature difference (Tout–Tin) variation with day hours.Figure 5.6 Relationship of temperature rise factor with thermal efficiency.
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Elements influencing output PV characteristic.Figure 6.2 P-V Characteristics with unshaded (red curve) and shaded (blue curve)...Figure 6.3 Effect of evenly change in irradiance on (a) P-V & (b) I-V characteri...Figure 6.4 Effect of PS on output characteristics of module/array [18].Figure 6.5 Causes of partial shading [19].Figure 6.6 Types of partial shading [22].Figure 6.7 Effects of partial shading [Author self-developed].Figure 6.8 The short-term failure distribution of solar modules in the US [31].Figure 6.9 Block diagram of MPPT control [54].Figure 6.10 (a) Decentralized, (b) centralized, (c) distributed architecture [57...Figure 6.11 Four-level diode-clamped converter connected to three PV arrays [66]...Figure 6.12 Different kind of shading pattern is used while simulating in MATLAB...Figure 6.13 Classification of array reconfiguration techniques [69].Figure 6.14 Series configuration [72].Figure 6.15 Parallel configuration [74].Figure 6.16 Series-parallel configuration [76].Figure 6.17 TCT configuration [79].Figure 6.18 HC configuration [80].Figure 6.19 Bl configuration [83].Figure 6.20 SPTCT configuration [85].Figure 6.21 BLTCT configuration [86].Figure 6.22 BLHC configuration [86].Figure 6.23 Reconfigured/modified configurations [86].Figure 6.24 Su Do Ku configuration [90].Figure 6.25 Su Do Ku sub-array puzzle pattern [92].Figure 6.26 Flowchart for optimal Su Do Ku puzzle formation [93].Figure 6.27 9x9 optimal Su Do Ku pattern arrangements [93].Figure 6.28 Competence square method flow chart [94].Figure 6.29 (a) 9x9 TCT arrangement of PV array matrix, (b) implementation steps...Figure 6.30 Simple flowchart to position elements in DS puzzle [95].Figure 6.31 (a) 5x5 TCT matrix, (b) DS puzzle configured 5x5 matrix [95].Figure 6.32 (a) nine hall diagram, (b) Lo Shu matrix [96].Figure 6.33 9x9 PV matrix and its nine sub-arrays (a), Lo Shu matrix with a colu...Figure 6.34 (a) 4x3 TCT configurations, (b) NTCT configuration, (c) zigzag schem...Figure 6.35 Short & wide shading pattern on 9x9 TCT & Su Do Ku configuration [10...Figure 6.36 Power enhancement (%) for 9x9 TCT & Su Do Ku configuration [97, 104]...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Bifacial modules convert solar energy into electricity from both side...Figure 7.2 (a) A system of monofacial PV (b) a system of bifacial PV (c) structu...Figure 7.3 Schematic of four screen-printed cell concepts: (a) shows a standard ...Figure 7.4 (a) Module mounted in a landscape configuration. (b) Module mounted i...Figure 7.5 Summary of parameters that affect rear-irradiance [33–36].Figure 7.6 Variation in albedo of ground for high and natural albedo type.Figure 7.7 View factor variation of ground of different cells on the modules [8]...Figure 7.8 Ray-tracing algorithm details illustration [43].Figure 7.9 Bifacial irradiance simulations using RADIANCE and its flowchart [42]...Figure 7.10 Distribution of Radiance over sky dome for each hour calculated