insights on the political work done by athletics. Golden makes no claim to comprehensive coverage, but strong surveys of ancient athletics are offered by S. Miller 2006 and Kyle 2015. There is an extensive companion covering Greek athletics, Christesen and Kyle 2014, and Nikephoros, a journal that specializes in ancient sport, provides discussions of many elements of athletics and athletic culture. König 2010 collects some important pieces on the politics of athletics, including Pleket 2010, Kurke 2010, and C. Morgan 2010. Christesen 2007 describes and analyzes the Olympic victor lists, and Christesen 2012 thoroughly dissects the relationship between sport, social status, and democratization. Young 1984 provides a searing critique of earlier scholarship on athletics.
For the politics of epinician specifically, P. Rose 1992 and Kurke 1991 are invaluable for the broader dynamics of the genre. Various studies concentrate on local athletic cultures, including Kowalzig 2007, C. Morgan 2007, Antonaccio 2007, Stamatopoulou 2007, Fearn 2011b, and Nicholson 2016a. For the representation of the specifics of the athletic events in epinician, see Nicholson 2005. For the heroization of athletes, see Currie 2005 and Nicholson 2016a, and for dedications at the Panhellenic sites, Neer 2007.
Notes
1 1 Translations are my own.
2 2 Forsdyke 2005: 155–156, with n.54.
3 3 See further P. Rose 1992: 141–184; Golden 1998: 157–175; Nicholson 2005: 15–18, 214–215.
4 4 Kurke 2007a: 156. Cf. also P. Rose 1992: 159–160.
5 5 The Theoxenia at Acragas seems to have hosted Pind. Ol. 3, while Bacch. 11 seems to have been inserted into the cult of Artemis Hemera on the river Basento in Metapontum, a cult that the victor’s family seems to have had some authority over. See further Kowalzig 2007: 267–327; Carey 2007; Currie 2011; Krummen 2014: 253–315.
6 6 Rawles 2012: 3–12.
7 7 W. Barrett 2007: 46–53.
8 8 Nicholson 2016a: 75–76. For the victor lists, see Christesen 2007.
9 9 E.g., Pind. Ol. 7, 9, 13, Nem. 10. See Currie 2011: 271n.9 and 287n.75 for Pind. Ol. 7 and Nem. 10, and Nicholson 2016b: 29–30.
10 10 Pind. Nem. 3, 11, and Bacch. 14B, with Fearn 2009.
11 11 London B144; Nicholson 2005, figures 8 and 9.
12 12 Nicholson 2005: 11–14. On statues, see further Smith 2007.
13 13 See Nicholson 2016a: 21–49; for Euthymus, see Currie 2002.
14 14 Smith 2007: 87–92 discusses the development of more lifelike victor statues. The first victor statues at Olympia seems to date to 550–525 BC; see Nicholson 2005: 14.
15 15 Golden 1998: 33–35.
16 16 For the heroization of athletes, see Currie 2005; Nicholson 2016a: 40–46.
17 17 Paus. 6.4.11, SEG 11.1223a.
18 18 Dittenberger and Purgold 1966: no. 151, and Nicholson 2018: 51–57.
19 19 Hieron and Arcesilas, for example, seem to have been interested only in Olympia and Delphi, and not to have aspired to win all four Panhellenic chariot races.
20 20 Ol. 7.82– 87, Ol. 9.88–99. Actual festivals are rarely named, but are expected to be deduced either from the city named or from a description of the prize. The “bronze in Argos” (Ol. 7.83) refers to the bronze shield given at the Heraea, while the “remedy against cold winds” (Ol. 9.97) refers to the cloak given at the Dia in Pellene.
21 21 Moretti 1953: no. 16, W. Sweet 1987: 145–147, with Hodkinson 1999: 152.
22 22 Nem. 9 celebrates a win at the Adrasteia in Sicyon, while Nem. 10 celebrates a victory at the Heraea (though note that the victor is Argive, and has won panhellenic victories), and Nem. 11 celebrates the installation of a past winner of sixteen local contests as a civic official. The final two odes of the Isthmian book seem not to have celebrated Isthmian wins; see d’Alessio 2012: 48–57.
23 23 Pind. Ol. 7.80–82, 9.82–99, 13.24–46.
24 24 Pindar, Nem. 9–11 and the two lost Isthmian odes, and Bacch. 14B.
25 25 Nicholson 2016a: 53–54.
26 26 Nicholson 2016a, 2016b: 3–4.
27 27 Kyle 2015: 121.
28 28 Golden 1998: 44–45; Kyle 2015: 152–155.
29 29 Athenaeus, Deipnosophists I.3e. On the dedication of chariot groups, see Smith 2007: 123–135.
30 30 Plutarch, Themistocles 17.2, 25.1.
31 31 Pind. Ol. 10.60–75.
32 32 Golden 1998: 37–45.
33 33 See Philostratus, Gymnasticus 5, but also Golden 1998: 18–19. As Golden notes, the evidence needs careful handling. What it does show is that in this late period, a special connection was perceived between the stadion winner and the Olympic sacrifice ritual.
34 34 Whether there was a relationship between athletic nudity and democratization is much disputed; see Christesen 2014: 226–229; Kyle 2015: 82–85.
35 35 Kalpe¯: D. Bell 1989: 170–174; Golden 1998: 40–43. Panathenaea: Tracy and Habicht 1991: 196–201; Kyle 2015: 147–165. The warhorse events also required that the rider be in armor.
36 36 Golden 1998: 104–112.
37 37 Horse-course race: Pausanias 6.16.4, Golden 1998: 37, 78. Bacch. 10 may celebrate a victory in the Isthmian horse-course race.
38 38 Cf. Moretti 1953: nos. 1 and 6.
39 39 Golden 1998: 38–39.
40 40 Nicholson 2016a: 21–77, 162, 257–261, and, for Diagoras, Nicholson 2018.
41 41 On the age of equestrian victors, see Golden 1998: 117–123.
42 42 Nicholson 2016a: 54–55. The main lexical distinction is that, although ἄεθλον is widely used of equestrian prizes and contests, ἀεθλητάς is only used of gymnastic athletes.
43 43 Barrett 2007: 162–167.
44 44 Nicholson and Heintges 2010: 128.
45 45 Rawles 2012: 14–17 suggests that Simonides’ odes spent more time on the events.
46 46 Nicholson 2016a: 57–59.
47 47 Pind. Isth. 1.15; Isth. 1.52– 59 also records six local victories. Damonon of Sparta won 43 times at local festivals serving as his own driver. For his victory inscription, see n.21 above.
48 48 Nicholson 2005: 123–131.
49 49 Pausanias 6.3.6.
50 50 Trainers are named in Pind. Ol. 8, 10, Nem. 4–6, Isth. 4, 6, and Bacch. 13, but not in Pind. Pyth. 8, Isth. 8, or Bacch. 1, all odes for youth victors in combat events. Pind. Isth. 4 celebrates the adult Melissus, but the trainer is named in the context of a past youth victory.
51 51 [Hipp.] Regimen I.13. Jouanna 1999: 409 dates this treatise to “the end of the fifth century” or 400–350 BC.
52 52 See, further, Nicholson 2005: 119–210.
53 53 Pind. Ol. 10.16–21, Isth. 6.72– 73.
54 54 Nicholson and Gutierrez 2012; [Hipp.] On Joints 2–4, 11. Jouanna 1999: 403 dates this treatise to c.400 BC.
55 55 See, further, Nicholson 2015. Injury might explain some of the odder athletic resumes of the victors celebrated by epinician, for example the fact that Ergoteles of Himera won as many victories at Delphi and Olympia as he did at the biennial Nemean and Isthmian games.
56 56 E.g., Lichas, Anaxander, and Arcesilas, all of Sparta (Paus. 6.1.7, 6.2.1).
57 57 Pausanias 6.13.9.
58 58 The boast appears in the Damonon stele (n.21 above), for example.
59 59 As the reconstructions reproduced in Smith 2007: 129 suggest.
60 60 For the treatment of horses,