иначе, чем мы представляем это сегодня. Игроки вытаскивали небольшие орехи коричневого цвета (vibhidaka) из ямки в земле.
14
Jamison and Brereton, The Rigveda, 1429–1430; Jan Gonda, Vedic Literature (Samhitas and Brahmanas), vol. 1, Veda and Upanishads (Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz,1975), 147; Srinivas Reddy, личная переписка с автором, 20 мая 2020 года.
15
Srinivas Reddy, личная переписка с автором, 20 мая 2020 года.
16
Joseph Michael Gabriel, “Gods and Monsters: Drugs, Addiction, and the Origin of Narcotic Control in the Nineteenth-Century Urban North” (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 2006), 5; Robin Room, Matilda Hellman, and Kerstin Stenius, “Addiction: The Dance between Concept and Terms,” International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 4, no. 1 (June 2014): 27–29, https://ijadr.org/index.php/ijadr/article/view/199; Robin Room, “The Cultural Framing of Addiction,” Janus Head 6, no. 2 (2003): 221–234.
17
Nick Heather and Gabriel Segal, eds., Addiction and Choice: Rethinking the Relationship (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), введение, главы 9, 25.
18
Аркасия долгое время оставалась предметом философских споров. Я многое почерпнул из целого ряда работ, в том числе: Kent Dunnington, Addiction and Virtue: Beyond the Models of Disease and Choice (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2011), 27–56, 102–105; Nick Heather, “Addiction as a Form of Akrasia,” в кн. Heather and Segal, Addiction and Choice, 133–152; Robert C. Solomon, “Aristotle, the Socratic Principle, and the Problem of Akrasia,” Modern Schoolman 49, no. 1 (1974): 13–21; Donald Davidson, “How Is Weakness of the Will Possible?” в кн. Essays on Actions and Events (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 21–42; Richard Kraut, “Alternate Readings of Aristotle on Akrasia,” в кн. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta (Palo Alto, CA: Metaphysics Research Lab, 2018), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/supplement1.html.
19
Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Alexander Nehamas and Paul Woodruff (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995), 237d–38a. В русском переводе мы опираемся на перевод диалога «Федр», выполненный А. Н. Егуновым.
20
Plato, Protagoras, in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. E. Hamilton and H. Cairns (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 358b–358c.
21
Цитаты из «Протагора» даны в пер. Вл. С. Соловьева.
22
Christopher Shields, The Oxford Handbook of Aristotle (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 593–594, 601–602; Heather, “Addiction as a Form of Akrasia,” 12–13, 120; Davidson, “How Is Weakness of the Will Possible?” 32.
23
Alfred R. Mele, Irrationality: An Essay on Akrasia, Self-Deception, and Self-Control (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 22.
24
Подробнее об отношении Сократа к зависимости см. Brendan de Kenessey, “People Are Dying Because We Misunderstand How Those with Addiction Think,” Vox, March 16, 2018, https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2018/3/5/17080470/addiction-opioids-moral-blame-choices-medication-crutches-philosophy.
25
Christopher Bobonich, “Plato on Akrasia and Knowing Your Own Mind,” в кн. Akrasia in Greek Philosophy: From Socrates to Plotinus, ed. Christopher Bobonich and Pierre Destrée (Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill, 2007), 41–60; Thomas Gardner, “Socrates and Plato on the Possibility of Akrasia,” Southern Journal of Philosophy 40, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 191–210, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041–6962.2002.tb01896.x. К вопросу о том, была ли метафора с конями ответом Платона на проблему акрасии: Joshua Wilburn, “Akrasia and the Rule of Appetite in Plato’s Protagoras and Republic,” Journal of Ancient Philosophy 8, no. 2 (November 2014): 57–91, http://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981–9471.v8i2p57–91.
26
Dan Curley, Tragedy in Ovid: Theater, Metatheater, and the Transformation of a Genre (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 182.
27
Книга седьмая. Пер. С. В. Шервинского.
28
Warren K. Bickel and Lisa A. Marsch, “Toward a Behavioral Economic Understanding of Drug Dependence: Delay Discounting Processes,” Addiction 96, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–86, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360–0443.2001.961736.x.
29
Robert West and Jamie Brown, Theory of Addiction, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), 59–63; George Ainslie, “Palpating the Elephant: Current Theories of Addiction in Light of Hyperbolic Delay Discounting,” в кн. Heather and Segal, Addiction and Choice, 227–244. Природа и причины этого сбоя являются предметом дискуссий. Различные теории выбора могут делать больший или меньший акцент на ненормальных желаниях в противовес ошибочным представлениям о воздействии наркотиков. См. Richard Holton, Kent Berridge, “Compulsion and Choice in Addiction” в кн. Heather and Segal, Addiction and Choice, 153–170.
30
Stephen T. Higgins et al., “Incentives Improve Outcome in Outpatient Behavioral Treatment of Cocaine Dependence,” Archives of General Psychiatry 51, no. 7 (July 1994), 568–576, https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950070060011.
31
Augustine, Confessions, trans. R. S. Pine-Coffin (London: Penguin, 1961), 3.1.1.
32
Цитаты из «Исповеди» приводятся на русском языке в пер. М. Е. Сергиенко.
33
Augustine, Confessions, 2.2.3.
34
См., например, Cynthia M. A. Geppert, “Aristotle, Augustine, and Addiction,” Psychiatric Times 25, no. 7 (June 2008): 40,