Introduction to Energy, Renewable Energy and Electrical Engineering. Ewald F. Fuchs

P8.8.1 Inverting (IN) OP amplifier with DC voltages V _DC1 = 10 V and Figure P8.9.1 Differential amplifier with equal input resistances R ₁.Figure P8.10.1 Differential amplifier with unequal input resistances R ₁ and...Figure P8.11.1 OP amplifier with positive and negative feedback paths.Figure P8.12.1 Summing circuit.Figure P8.13.1 Temperature sensing network consisting of Wheatstone bridge a...Figure P8.14.1 (a) Integrating network. (b) Given output voltage.Figure P8.15.1 (a) Differentiating network. (b) Given input voltage.Figure P8.16.1 Low‐pass filter circuit or proportional–integral (PI) control...Figure P8.17.1 Band‐pass filter circuit or proportional–integral–differentia...Figure P8.18.1 Small photovoltaic power plant with DC transmission network s...

      10 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Quasi‐three‐dimensional representation of materials with (a) 4 (e...Figure 9.2 (a) Quasi‐three‐dimensional representation of material with 4 val...Figure 9.3 (a) Silicon‐based pn junction [19] doped/implanted into the silic...Figure 9.4 Characteristic of pn junction diode (d), LED [20, 21], photodiode...Figure 9.5 (a) Circuit symbol of a pn junction diode. (b) Circuit for a ligh...Figure 9.6 (a) Circuit symbol of a Zener (Z) diode; note that V_Z is positive...Figure 9.7 (a) Varistor symbol. (b) Varistor characteristic (i_varistor − v_va...Figure 9.8 (a) pnp bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) Amplifier/switch c...Figure 9.9 (a) Enhancement‐type NMOSFET with a positive voltage applied to t...Figure 9.10 (a) Circuit symbol of a thyristor or SCR. (b) Current–voltage (IFigure 9.11 (a) Two anti‐parallel‐connected thyristors or SCRs, which are tw...Figure 9.12 (a) Simplified equivalent circuit of IGBT consisting of Darlingt...Figure 9.13 (a) Circuit symbol of GTO with anode (A), cathode (C), and gate ...

      11 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase AC vo...Figure 10.2 Common approximations [1] for diode characteristics: (a) ideal c...Figure E10.1.1 (a) Source voltage v_s(t), load output voltage v_out(t) = v_s(t)...Figure E10.2.1 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), diode voltage v_d(t) = V(2...Figure E10.3.1 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), diode voltage v_d(t) = V(1...Figure E10.4.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.4.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_out(Figure E10.4.3 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output voltage v_out(t) = Figure E10.4.4 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_out(Figure E10.5.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.5.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0); source current Figure E10.5.3 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.5.4 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curre...Figure E10.6.1 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) as well as the output volt...Figure E10.6.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) as well as the output volt...Figure E10.7.1 (a, b) A Zener diode with the voltage V_z can be applied to a ...Figure E10.8.1 (a, b) Single‐phase Zener diode applied to a circuit to limit...Figure E10.9.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase vo...Figure E10.9.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_out(Figure E10.10.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.10.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input sourc...Figure E10.11.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.11.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_outFigure E10.12.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.12.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and output load...Figure E10.13.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.13.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_outFigure E10.14.1 Rectifier supplying pulsating DC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.14.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_outFigure E10.15.1 Full‐wave, single‐phase half‐controlled diode/thyristor brid...Figure E10.15.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curr...Figure E10.15.3 Full‐wave, single‐phase half‐controlled diode/thyristor brid...Figure E10.15.4 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and source curr...Figure E10.16.1 Full‐wave, single‐phase rectifier with a diode bridge, MOSFE...Figure E10.16.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input or so...Figure E10.17.1 Controller supplying AC current with variable magnitude from...Figure E10.17.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), output load voltage v_outFigure E10.18.1 Controller supplying AC current from single‐phase voltage so...Figure E10.18.2 Source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0), source current i_s(t) = iFigure E10.19.1 Controller supplying variable AC current from single‐phase v...Figure E10.19.2 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input or so...Figure E10.19.3 Top plot: source voltage v_s(t) = V(1) − V(0) and input sourc...Figure E10.20.1 Clipping circuit limiting the positive and negative excursio...Figure E10.20.2 Input v_in(t) = V(1) − V(0) and output v_out(t) = V(2) − V(0) ...Figure E10.20.3 Positive clamping circuit maintaining at the output voltage ...Figure E10.20.4 Top plot: rectangular input v_in(t) = V(1) − V(0). Bottom plo...Figure E10.20.5 Negative clamping circuit maintaining at the output voltage ...Figure E10.20.6 Top plot: input v_in(t) = V(1) − V(0). Bottom plot: rectangul...Figure E10.21.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase rectifier employing a diode bridge fe...Figure E10.21.2 Top plot: source voltages v_an(t) = V(1) − V(0), v_bn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.22.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase thyristor rectifier supplying power t...Figure E10.22.2 Top plot: source voltages v_an(t) = V(1) − V(0), v_bn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.22.3 Top plot: source voltages v_an(t) = V(1) − V(0), v_bn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.23.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase rectifier with diode bridge employing...Figure E10.23.2 Top plot: source voltages v_an(t) = V(1) − V(0), v_bn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.23.3 Full‐wave, three‐phase MOSFET rectifier employing six self‐c...Figure E10.23.4 Top plot: source voltages v_an(t) = V(1) − V(0), v_bn(t) = V(2...Figure E10.24.1 Three‐phase ∆/(ungrounded Y) step‐down transformer supplying...Figure E10.24.2 Top plot: line‐to‐line voltages v_AB(t) = V(1) − V(2), v_BC(t)...Figure E10.24.3 Top plot: line‐to‐line voltages v_AB(t) = V(1) − V(2), v_BC(t)...Figure E10.25.1 Brushless DC machine consisting of battery, inverter, and th...Figure E10.25.2 Sequence of gating signals for brushless DC motor/machine in...Figure E10.25.3 Top plot: motor (stator) current i_MA(t) = I(R1) and applied ...Figure E10.25.4 Top plot: reverse conducting current of diode i_Dau(t) = I(Da...Figure E10.26.1 Full‐wave, three‐phase current‐controlled voltage source inv...Figure E10.26.2 Battery voltage V_bat = V(2) − V(0) and battery current or in...Figure E10.26.3 Reference currents of inverter v_ref1(t) = V(12) − V(0), v_ref...Figure E10.26.4 Power system phase voltages v_an(t) = V(19) − V(123), v_bn(t) ...Figure E10.27.1 Equivalent circuit of a solar cell.Figure E10.27.2 Nonlinear convex (V_c − I_c) characteristic of a solar cell.Figure E10.27.3 Equivalent circuit