rel="nofollow" href="#ulink_dbfd9dfb-e212-55d9-9748-a37a288000f3">36 and in Germany such a person seems to have been subject to punishment still in the later Middle Ages.37 In England, in the thirteenth century, he was considered to deserve royal pardon, but he also needed it.38
29 Digesta, xliii. 16. i. 27: “Vim vi repellere licere Cassius scribit idque ius natura comparatur.”
30 Cicero, Pro Milone, 4 (10).
31 Gratian, Decretum, i. 1. 7.
32 Merker, quoted by Kohler, in Zeitschr. f. vergl. Rechtswiss. xv. 64 (Wadshagga). Lang, in Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 257 (Washambala).
33 Dennett, in Jour. African Society, i. 276.
34 Kohler, in Zeitschr. f. vergl. Rechtswiss. xv. 353.
35 Steinmetz, Rechtsverhältnisse, p. 50 (Banaka and Bapuku). Tellier, ibid. p. 176 (Kreis Kita). Marx, ibid. p. 357 (Amahlubi). Senfft, ibid. p. 450 (Marshall Islanders).
36 Geyer, Lehre von der Nothwehr, p. 88 sqq. Trummer, Vorträge über Tortur, &c. i. 430. Stemann, Den danske Retshistorie indtil Christian V.’s Lov, p. 659. Cf. Leges Henrici I. lxxx. 7; lxxxvii. 6.
37 Trummer, op. cit. i. 428 sqq. von Feuerbach-Mittermaier, Lehrbuch des Peinlichen Rechts, p. 64. Brunner observes (Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, ii. 630), “Nicht das Benehmen des Getöteten war die causa des Todschlags, sondern nur die feindselige Absicht des Todschlagers.”
38 Bracton, De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ, fol. 132 b, vol. ii. 366 sqq. Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law before the Time of Edward I. ii. 574.
In self-defence there should of course be a proportion between the injury which the aggressor intended to inflict and the injury inflicted on him by the person attacked. The most widely-recognised ground on which life is allowed to be taken in self-defence is danger of death. But it is not the exclusive ground. Among the Wakamba “a thief entering a village at night can be killed”; though, if he is, the incident generally gives rise to a blood-feud between his family and the family of the slayer.39 In Uganda “there is no penalty for killing a thief who enters an enclosure at night”;40 and among various peoples at higher stages of culture we likewise find the provision that a nocturnal thief or house-breaker may be killed with impunity, though a diurnal thief may not.41 This law, however, seems to have been due not so much to the fact that by night the proprietor had less chance of recovering his property, as to the greater danger to which he was personally exposed.42 The Roman Law of the Twelve Tables allows the diurnal thief also to be killed, in case he defends himself with a weapon;43 and, as regards the nocturnal thief, Ulpian expressly says that the owner of the property is justified in killing him only if he cannot spare the life of the thief without peril to himself.44 The same rule was laid down by Bracton45 and by Grotius. The latter observes, “No one ought to be slain directly for the sake of mere things, which would be done if I were to kill an unarmed flying thief with a missile, and so recover my goods: but if I am myself in danger of life, then I may repel the danger even with danger to the life of another; nor does this cease to hold, however I have come into that danger, whether by trying to retain my property, or to recover it, or to capture the thief; for in all these cases I am acting lawfully according to my right.”46
39 Decle, Three Years in Savage Africa, p. 488.
40 Ashe, Two Kings of Uganda, p. 294.
41 Ta Tsing Leu Lee, sec. cclxxvii. p. 297 (Chinese). Exodus, xxii. 2 sq. Lex Duodecim Tabularum, viii. 11 sq. Plato, Leges, ix. 874. Lex Baiuwariorum, ix. (viii.) 5. Du Boys, Histoire du droit criminel de l’Espagne, p. 288 (Spanish Partidas).
42 Cf. Gregory IX. Decretales, v. 12. 3; Mishna, fol. 72, quoted by Rabbinowicz, Législation criminelle du Talmud, p. 122.
43 Lex Duodecim Tabularum, viii. 12. Cicero, Pro Milone, 3 (9).
44 Digesta, xlviii. 8. 9.
45 Bracton, op. cit. fol. 144 b, vol. ii. 464 sq.
46 Grotius, De jure belli et pacis, ii. 1. 12. 1.
According to the law of England, a woman is justified in killing one who attempts to ravish her; and so also the husband or father may kill a man who attempts a rape on his wife or daughter, if she do not consent.47 We meet with similar provisions in many other laws, modern and ancient.48 St. Augustine says that the law allows the killing of a ravisher of chastity, either before or after the act, in the same manner as it permits a person to kill a highwayman who makes an attempt upon his life.49 According to the Talmud, it is permissible to kill a would-be criminal, in order to prevent the commission of either murder or adultery “to save an innocent man’s life, or a woman’s honour”; but when the crime has already been accomplished, the criminal cannot be thus disposed of.50
47 Harris, op. cit. p. 145.
48 Erskine-Rankine, Principles of the Law of Scotland, p. 558. Ottoman Penal Code, art. 186. Nordström, Bidrag till den svenska samhälls-författningens historia, ii. 349 (ancient Swedish laws). Plato, Leges, ix. 874.
49 St. Augustine, De libero arbitrio, i.