Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
Thierry Lamireau Centre of Pediatric Gastroenterolgy, University of Bordeaux, Chu de Bordeaux, Hopitaux de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Kristina Leinwand Pediatric Neurogastroenterology and Motility Program, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
Jenifer R. Lightdale Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
Richard Lindley Paediatric Surgical Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Markku Mäki Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Michael Manfredi Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Sean Marven Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Patrick McKiernan Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Calies Menard‐Katcher Digestive Health Institute, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Gastrointestinal Eosinophilic Diseases Program, Department of Pediatrics, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
Erasmo Miele Department of Digestive Endoscopy, “Sapienza” University, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
Jean‐François Mougenot Médecin des Hôpitaux de Paris Honoraire, Hôpital Robert Debré et Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Paris, France
Priya Narula Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Natalia Nedelkopoulou Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Andreia Nita Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Salvatore Oliva Maternal and Child Health Department, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza – University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Rok Orel Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University Children’s Hospital, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Harpreet Pall Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, St Christopher’s Hospital for Children; Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Simon Panter Department of Gastroenterology, South Tyneside and Sunderland NHS Foundation Trust, Sunderland, UK
Alina Popp “Alessandrescu‐Rusescu” National Institute for Mother and Child Care and “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Antonio Quiros Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Valley Health System, Paramus, NJ, USA
Prithviraj Rao Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Luciana B. Mendez Ribeiro Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
Claudio Romano Department of Human Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Shishu Sharma Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Mike Thomson Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Filippo Torroni UOC di Chirurgia ed Endoscopia Digestiva, Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
Sabine Krüger Truppel Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
Dan Turner Juliet Keidan Institute of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Arun Urs Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Jorge H. Vargas Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital, UCLA Medical Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
Krishnappa Venkatesh Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and International Academy of Paediatric Endoscopy Training, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Gabor Veres Deceased. Formerly Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
Jerome Viala Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Robert‐Debré Hospital, Paris, France
Mario Vieira Center for Pediatric Gastroenterology. Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil
Catharine M. Walsh Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the Research and Learning Institutes, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, and Wilson Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
David Wilson Department of Child Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
About the Companion Website
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1 Introduction
George Gershman and Mike Thomson
In the late 1960s, flexible gastrointestinal endoscopy emerged as a novel diagnostic tool but was not employed routinely in children until the mid‐1970s when pediatric flexible esophagogastroduodenoscopes became commercially available. In the decade that followed, there was a significant expansion and application of this modality in children. As the result, many discoveries and improvements in diagnosis and treatment of various pediatric GI disorders have been made despite the limitations associated with light and image transmission through the fiberoptic cables – the technology which only allowed the operator to look down the scope through the eyepiece.
The advent of the microchip with a video camera sited at the tip of the endoscope has advanced the optical