href="#ulink_626d773a-0a91-5fa4-9735-e08a49cf2cd6">Visual diagnosis, biopsy sampling, handling, and histopathology Future of endoscopy in pediatric CD REFERENCES 24 Role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease including scoring systems Introduction Diagnosis Monitoring Scoring systems REFERENCES
10 Part Four: Therapeutic Pediatric Endoscopy 25 Endoscopic management of esophageal strictures Stricture presentation Classification Diagnosis Differential diagnosis Treatment REFERENCES 26 Endoscopic management of caustic ingestion Introduction Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Assessment and management Endoscopy Treatment Long‐term complications REFERENCES 27 Pneumatic balloon dilation and peroral endoscopic myotomy for achalasia Introduction Diagnosis and management of achalasia Therapeutic options Peroral endoscopic myotomy REFERENCES 28 Endoscopic approaches to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease Introduction Endoscopic suturing devices EsophyX ® Delivery of radiofrequency energy (Stretta® system) Gastroesophageal biopolymer injection Conclusion FURTHER READING 29 Foreign body ingestion Introduction Diagnostic evaluation Esophageal impaction of a foreign body Foreign bodies in the stomach and small bowel Food bolus impaction Equipment and management approaches for foreign body removal REFERENCES 30 Non‐variceal endoscopic hemostasis Introduction General considerations Choice of endoscope Techniques of endoscopic hemostasis REFERENCES 31 Variceal endoscopic hemostasis Portal hypertension and variceal formation Diagnosis, classification, and risk stratification of varices Primary prophylaxis Secondary prophylaxis Gastric varices REFERENCES 32 Endoscopic approach to obscure gastrointestinal bleeding lesions Introduction Classification Evaluation and management of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding Diagnostic and therapeutic approach with enteroscopy Conclusion REFERENCES 33 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Introduction Indications Contraindications Decision to proceed with PEG and preprocedure evaluation Technique Postprocedure management Complications New uses of the PEG technique Conclusion FURTHER READING 34