behavior in an effort to satisfy needs. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs reflects the belief that the needs that motivate individuals have a priority order. Lower‐level needs have to be satisfied first or individuals will not be motivated to address higher‐level needs.
Herzberg's Two‐Factor Theory of Motivation identifies hygiene maintenance factors, such as security and salary, that are needed to prevent job dissatisfaction, and motivator factors, such as job development and opportunities to advance, that contribute to job satisfaction.
Vroom's Expectancy Theory focuses very simply yet specifically on the assessment of the desires of what people desire/expect and their prospect of getting it.
Organizations need to be viewed as living, self‐organizing systems where what initially looks like chaos and uncertainty is indeed part of a larger coherence and a natural order.
Future directions for nurses in organizations will continue to be influenced by technology and by the notions of mobility, virtuality, and user‐driven practices.
Knowledge Workers, with specialized knowledge and expertise, are more self‐directed. Future leadership practices need to adapt to knowledge workers and to changing work environments and circumstances.
Nursing has transitioned to the knowledge age where nursing research advances nursing science, and nursing science is translated into evidence‐based nursing practice.
KEY TERMS
Authentic leadership
Autocratic leadership behavior
Complex adaptive systems
Complexity leadership
Consideration
Contingency theory
Democratic leadership behavior
Emotional intelligence
Employee‐centered leadership
Formal leadership
Hawthorne effect
Hygiene factors
Informal leader
Initiating structure
Job‐centered leaders
Knowledge workers
Laissez‐faire leadership behavior
Leader‐member relations
Leadership
Hygiene maintenance factors management
Management process
Motivation
Motivation factors
Position power
Situational leadership
Substitutes for leadership
Task structure
Theory X
Theory Y
Theory Z
Transformational leadership
Transactional leader
Transformational leader
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1 Management is a process that is used today by nurses and nurse managers in health care organizations and is best described as which of the following?Scientific management.Decision making.Commanding and controlling others using hierarchical authority.Planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling.
2 A participative leadership style is appropriate for employees who do which of the following?Are not able to get the task done and are less mature.Are able to contribute to decisions about getting the work done.Are unable and unwilling to participate.Need direction, structure, and authority.
3 When the concepts of Theory Y are used to describe nurses, which of the following statements are the best description?Nurses prefer to be directed and want job security more than other things.Nurses use self‐direction and self‐control to achieve work objectives in which they believe.Nurses have a hard time accepting responsibility, but they learn to do this over time.Nurses don't really want to work and would quit if they could.
4 Nurse retention is an important focus for health care organizations as we face a growing shortage of health care professionals in the future. According to Herzberg's motivation factors, which of the following would most likely contribute to increased job satisfaction?The organization recognizes and rewards those nurses who advance their education and achieve certification, such as the Critical Care Registered Nurse (CCRN) certification for critical care RNs.Hiring bonuses of up to $5,000 are given to nurses to reduce the vacant positions and prevent short‐staffing.Nurse managers place an emphasis on establishing effective relationships with the nurses who work for them.Salary is increased.
5 The factors that are present which may serve as a substitute for leadership from your nurse manager include which of the following? Select all that applyYour desire for a promotion and an increase in pay.Professional nursing standards, code of ethics, and the intrinsic reward you get from this important work.Your manager spends time telling you exactly what to do and how to do it.Your nurse manager is inspiring and highly motivating to work for.
6 Leadership is defined as which of the following?Being in a leadership position with authority to exert control and power over subordinates.A process of interaction in which the leader influences others toward goal achievement.Being able to manage collaboration.Being self‐confident and democratic.
7 The reason that leadership development is important for nurses, even if they are not in a management position, is which of the following?Nurses don't get education on leadership in nursing school.Nurses are knowledge workers with expert knowledge of patient care.Nurse leaders leave their jobs sooner for other positions.Nurses who lead are less satisfied in their jobs.
8 The motivation theory that allows the student to determine the probability of achieving one's goal is which of the following?Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHerzberg's Two‐Factor TheoryVroom's Expectancy TheoryTheory Y
9 Leadership characteristics are important for the nurse to master to assure effective management of patients? Which of the following are leadership characteristics? Select all that apply.Develop a professional and purposeful vision that provides direction toward the preferred future.Portray a passion that involves the ability to inspire and align people toward the goal.Display integrity that is based on knowledge of self, honesty, and maturity.Know your strengths and weaknesses.
10 Emotional intelligence is the capacity to interact with understanding and respect. Which of the following are basic social and emotional competencies? Select all that apply.Self‐awarenessSelf‐regulationManagementCompassionSocial skills
REVIEW QUESTION ANSWERS
1 Answer: D is correct.Rationale: The management process is defined as encompassing planning, organizing, coordinating, and controlling. While nurses and managers do use decision making (B) as a component of their work, decision making is not the best answer to describe the management process. Commanding and controlling others using hierarchical authority (C) is not a description of the management process. It is one way that managers have carried out their role in organizations (typically bureaucracies) where commanding is the style used to manage subordinates. While controlling is one aspect of the management process, it is not a complete answer.
2 Answer: B is correctRationale: A participative leadership style engages people. To be effective using this style, employees need to be willing and have the ability to contribute. It is not the best style when employees are less mature (A)