when employees need direction to understand the task and how to proceed, and when structure is needed (D).
3 Answer: B is correctRationale: Theory Y is a description of people who can direct themselves, are motivated to achieve work objectives and have self‐discipline. Theory X is a view of people who need direction and want job security (A). Neither Theory X or Theory Y focuses on accepting responsibility, thus answer (C) is not correct and (D) is too general a statement about nurses to accept that it is factual. Nor would this be an accurate description of Theory Y behaviors.
4 Answer: D is correctRationale: Herzberg's theory explains motivation through two factors: hygiene maintenance factors and motivator factors. Motivator factors contribute to job satisfaction. These factors are achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and they contribute to job satisfaction
5 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Substitutes for leadership include standards and procedures that provide guidance, direction, and convey expectations.
6 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Leadership is defined as influencing others toward goals and goal achievement. It also is fundamentally about relational aspects of interacting with other individuals and/or groups.
7 Answer: C is correctRationale: Vroom's expectancy theory explains how to identify the likelihood or probability that a group will exert the effort to reach goals, that the goals are attractive or unattractive, and individuals see the goals as being possible to reach. Other theories do not use goals to explain motivation.
8 Answer: All answers are leadership characteristics. Selecting all is correct: A, B, C, and D.Rationale: Vision of a preferred future is a defining element of transformation leadership along with inspiring others and aligning them toward a goal. Additional characteristics that are necessary to be credible as a leader include honesty and maturity. Emotionally intelligent leaders acquire a knowledge of themselves that contributes to self‐awareness and self‐regulation and the ability to identify/assess strengths and weaknesses. Nurses as leaders need all of these characteristics to make decisions, act in emergencies, collaborate and advocate for patients, and influence care delivery.
9 Answer: A, B, and D are the correct answers. Motivation and empathy are not part of the definition of emotional intelligence.Rationale: The capacity to interact with understanding and respect involves the basic social and emotional competencies of self‐awareness, self‐regulation, and social skills. Motivation and empathy are not part of the definition of emotional intelligence.
10 Answer: A, B, and E are the correct answers. Management and compassion are not part of the definition of emotional intelligence.
REVIEW ACTIVITIES
1 Take the opportunity to learn about yourself by reflecting on five predominant factors identified as being influential in a nurse's leadership development: self‐confidence, innate leader qualities or tendencies, progression of experiences and success, influence of significant others, and personal life factors. Consider which of these five factors reinforces your confidence in yourself. What innate qualities or tendencies do you have that contribute to your development as a leader? Consider what professional experiences, mentors, and personal experiences or events can help you influence and change nursing practice, when needed.
2 Describe the type of leader you want to be as a nurse in a health care organization. Identify specific behaviors you plan to use as a leader. In what way does transformational leadership theory and complexity leadership theory inform your development as a leader?
3 Rate each of these 12 motivating or hygiene maintenance factors job factors that contribute to job satisfaction by placing a number from 1 to 5 on the line before each factor, with 5 being Very important, and 1 being Not important.
| Very Important | Somewhat Important | Not Important |
| 5 | 4 | 3 2 1 |
1 _____ 1. An interesting job I enjoy doing
2 _____ 2. A good manager who treats people fairly
3 _____ 3. Getting praise and other recognition and appreciation for the work I do
4 _____ 4. A satisfying personal life
5 _____ 5. The opportunity for advancement
6 _____ 6. A prestigious or status job
7 _____ 7. Job responsibility that gives me freedom to do things my way
8 _____ 8. Good working conditions (safe environment, nice office, cafeteria)
9 _____ 9. The opportunity to learn new things
10 ____ 10. Sensible company rules, regulations, procedures, and policies
11 ____ 11. A job I can do well and succeed at
12 ____ 12. Job security and benefits
Write the number from 1 to 5 that you selected for each factor. Total each column for a score between 12 and 60 points. The closer to 60 your score is, the more important these factors (Motivating or Hygiene Maintenance Factors) are to you.
| Motivating Factors | Hygiene Maintenance Factors |
|---|---|
| 1._____ | 2._____ |
| 3._____ | 4._____ |
| 5._____ | 6._____ |
| 7._____ | 8._____ |
| 9._____ | 10._____ |
| 11. _____ | 12._____ |
| Totals ______ | _____ |
Source: From. Lussier, R.N, and Achua, C.F. (2015) Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development Cincinnati, OH: South‐Western College Publishing.)
1 What would a health care organization be like if it more closely resembled a self‐organizing system and more holistic environment? How different would it be from a bureaucratic and more structured organization?
2 As nurses have become more self‐directed, what kind of leadership practices are most effective?
3 What quality improvement projects are nurses in your work setting involved in? How is evidence being used to improve nursing practice? What sources of evidence from nursing science are you exploring through journals, attending educational conferences, the Internet, and participating in professional nursing associations?
DISCUSSION POINTS
How can you use the characteristics, models, and theories presented in this chapter to recognize the leadership behaviors and styles of leading displayed by the nurses you work with such as your nurse manager, your charge nurse, and the most experienced nurses in your setting?
Consider the differences between management and leadership and begin to note when you observe managing functions and when you observe leadership.
Why do you think it is important to learn about leadership as a nurse?
DISCUSSION OF OPENING SCENARIO
1 What leadership characteristics did Maria demonstrate in preventing a nurse‐sensitive outcome of cardiac arrest?'
2 Why is Maria considered a leader, even though she is not in a leadership or management position?Maria is not in a formal leadership or management position, yet she is considered a leader because she is a Knowledge Worker and is educated with specialized knowledge