of the lower esophageal sphincter Current approach to patient selection and perioperative management Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) electrical neuromodulation therapy (LES‐ENT) References 36 Obesity and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Introduction Obesity and GERD symptoms Obesity and GERD‐related complications Mechanical and non‐mechanical effects of obesity Weight loss as GERD treatment Conclusion References
12 PART V: Malignant Disease 37 Tumors of the Esophagus Introduction Malignant esophageal cancers Conclusions Benign tumors of the esophagus Conclusions References 38 Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Cancer Rationale for the endoscopic treatment of esophageal cancer Methods used in the endoscopic treatment of esophageal carcinoma Ablation techniques Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy Outcomes of endoscopic treatment of early esophageal cancer References 39 Surgical Treatment for Esophageal Cancer Introduction Diagnosis and screening Staging Preoperative assessment of physiological status Surgical therapy Neo‐adjuvant therapy Pragmatic therapeutic strategy Conclusions Acknowledgment References
13 PART VI: Miscellaneous 40 Eosinophilic Esophagitis Financial support Introduction Epidemiology Diagnosis Clinical features Histology Pathogenesis Natural history Treatment Conclusion References 41 Foreign Bodies Introduction Anatomical considerations Clinical presentation Diagnostic evaluation Management Food impactions Sharp or pointed objects Batteries Magnets Small, blunt, round objects Coins Other objects Dishwasher or laundry pods Narcotic packages Management of complications References 42 Medication‐Induced Esophageal Injury Introduction Mechanisms Pathology Clinical features and diagnosis Prevention, treatment, and clinical course Specific medications References 43 Esophagitis in the Immunocompromised Host Introduction Epidemiology Predisposing factors General considerations Fungal