infections Viral infections Mycobacterial infections Bacterial infections Treponema pallidum Protozoal infections Selected HIV‐related esophageal disorders References 44 Caustic Injuries of the Esophagus Introduction Incidence Pathophysiology Acid‐induced injury Determinants of severity Clinical presentation Initial evaluation Management Management of late complications Esophageal cancer Conclusion References 45 Rupture and Perforation of the Esophagus Introduction Pathophysiology Boerhaave syndrome Esophageal obstruction Ingestions Trauma Iatrogenic perforation Clinical features and diagnosis Approach to management Surgical management Endoscopic management Stent placement Prognosis Summary References 46 Cutaneous Diseases of the Esophagus Introduction Inflammatory mucocutaneous disorders of the skin and mucous membranes including the esophagus Multisystem disorders that have both mucocutaneous and esophageal manifestations References 47 Esophageal Disease in Older Patients Introduction Changes in esophageal physiology with aging Changes in gastroesophageal reflux disease‐related physiology with aging Differences in treatment of older patients Dysphagia Central nervous system diseases Idiopathic upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction Local structural lesions Zenker’s diverticulum General approach to oropharyngeal dysphagia Esophageal dysphagia Achalasia Distal esophageal spasm and related disorders Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJO) Jackhammer esophagus Scleroderma Esophageal cancer Peptic stricture Rings and webs Vascular compression Medication‐induced esophageal injury Miscellaneous conditions Conclusions References
14 Index
List of Tables
1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Most common symptoms attributed to the esophagus.Table 1.2 Etiologies of oropharyngeal dysphagia.Table 1.3 Etiologies of esophageal dysphagia.Table 1.4 Common etiologies of pill esophagitis.Table 1.5 Diagnostic criteria for globus.Table 1.6 Available assessment tools for patients with GERD.
2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Symptoms/signs of oropharyngeal dysphagia.Table 3.2 Causes of oropharyngeal dysphagia.Table