10.2 Example of 24‐hour esophageal pH monitoring in a patient with he...Figure 10.3 Example of 48‐hour wireless pH monitoring showing multiple and p...Figure 10.4 Example of normal 96‐hour wireless pH monitoring.Figure 10.5 Example of a pH‐impedance catheter equipped with six pairs of im...Figure 10.6 Combined impedance‐pH recordings showing examples of the three t...Figure 10.7 GERD phenotypes according to endoscopy and ambulatory reflux mon...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Novel mucosal integrity (MI) balloon catheter with two strips of...Figure 11.2 (A) Schematic of mucosal integrity prototype catheter advanced v...Figure 11.3 (A) Oropharyngeal pH probe (Dx‐pH Measurement System) with LED t...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 (A) Normal esophageal squamous mucosa with a thin basal epitheli...Figure 12.2 Normal esophageal brushing composed predominantly of mature squa...Figure 12.3 Candida esophagitis. Pseudohyphal and yeast organisms are identi...Figure 12.4 Esophageal brush cytology specimen with squamous epithelial cell...Figure 12.5 Herpes esophagitis. Squamous epithelial cells with ground‐glass ...Figure 12.6 Esophageal brush cytology specimen showing multinucleation, mold...Figure 12.7 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) esophagitis. In the center of the field, t...Figure 12.8 Esophageal brush cytology specimen showing a markedly enlarged c...Figure 12.9 Atypical squamous epithelial cells following radiation therapy. ...Figure 12.10 Esophagitis dissecans superficialis caused by alendronate. (A) ...Figure 12.11 Primary eosinophilic esophagitis characterized by numerous intr...Figure 12.12 Esophageal involvement by lichen planus. (A) Parakeratosis, int...Figure 12.13 Early morphologic features in gastroesophageal reflux disease (...Figure 12.14 Intraepithelial eosinophilia in a patient with gastroesophageal...Figure 12.15 Intraepithelial neutrophils in a patient with gastroesophageal ...Figure 12.16 Lymphocytic esophagitis in a patient with gastroesophageal refl...Figure 12.17 Epithelial repair characterized by cohesive epithelial cells ar...Figure 12.18 Low‐magnification view of Barrett’s esophagus. Goblet cells are...Figure 12.19 Higher‐magnification view of Barrett’s esophagus, characterized...Figure 12.20 Barrett’s esophagus with complete intestinal metaplasia. The Al...Figure 12.21 Alcian blue and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) stain highlighting i...Figure 12.22 Atrophic cardiac‐type mucosa in a biopsy obtained from this dis...Figure 12.23 Non‐dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus. The base of the mucosa show...Figure 12.24 Barrett’s esophagus with low‐grade dysplasia. The glands show n...Figure 12.25 High‐grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. There is marked cy...Figure 12.26 Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus. The...Figure 12.27 Brush cytology specimen of Barrett’s esophagus with high‐grade ...Figure 12.28 Adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus, characterized by...Figure 12.29 Superficially invasive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Smal...Figure 12.30 Esophageal carcinoma cuniculatum is characterized by deeply inv...Figure 12.31 Well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Spindle‐shaped mal...Figure 12.32 Brush cytology specimen of a poorly differentiated squamous cel...Figure 12.33 Esophageal small cell carcinoma. At low magnification, the cell...Figure 12.34 High‐magnification view of an esophageal small cell carcinoma. ...Figure 12.35 High‐magnification view of an esophageal melanoma. The tumor is...
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Schematic representation of the pathogenesis of achalasia.Figure 13.2 Manometric subtypes of achalasia.Figure 13.3 Typical radiological image of bird beak (A) and end‐stage “sigmo...Figure 13.4 CT scan of a patient with achalasia. The dilated esophagus fille...Figure 13.5 Pneumatic dilation is performed using a Rigiflex balloon (A) pos...Figure 13.6 Schematic representation of laparoscopic Heller myotomy showing ...Figure 13.7 Long‐term success rates of the European Achalasia Trial comparin...Figure 13.8 Schematic representation of the different steps of the POEM proc...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 A swallow in a patient with idiopathic EGJOO on HRM. There is an...Figure 14.2 An abnormal timed barium esophagram in a patient with idiopathic...Figure 14.3 A suggested diagnostic and treatment algorithm for patients with...Figure 14.4 A swallow and abnormal motility in the esophageal body in a pati...Figure 14.5 A swallow with abnormal esophageal smooth muscle hypercontractil...Figure 14.6 A swallow with esophageal smooth muscle hypocontractility on HRM...Figure 14.7 A swallow on HRM demonstrating a large break (> 5cm) in the 20 m...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The functional lumen imaging probe balloon catheter (Endoflip®) ...Figure 15.2 (A) Mucosectomy overlying submucosal bleb; (B) submucosal tunnel...Figure 15.3 Laparoscopic approach to begin the dissection for a LHM. The hep...Figure 15.4 Intraoperative laparoscopic view of the creation of the anterior...Figure 15.5 Before and after images of a laparoscopic Heller myotomy with Do...Figure 15.6 Intraoperative laparoscopic view of a Heller myotomy with Toupet...Figure 15.7 Completed Dor fundoplication.Figure 15.8 Barium esophagram showing the classic corkscrew appearance of DE...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Double‐contrast esophagram of an upper esophageal web (arrow)....Figure 16.2 Diagram of lower esophageal rings: A, B (Schatzki), and C rings ...Figure 16.3 Chart showing the relationship between dysphagia and the diamete...Figure 16.4 (A) Double‐contrast esophagram. (B) Antegrade endoscopic view....
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Anatomic relationship of Zenker’s diverticulum vs. Killian‐Jamie...Figure 17.2 Anatomic location of the three major types of esophageal diverti...Figure 17.3 Contrast esophagogram of (A) Killian‐Jamieson diverticulum; (B) ...Figure 17.4 Intraoperative photo of Zenker’s diverticulum during open resect...Figure 17.5 Intraoperative images demonstrating the use of the endoscope to ...Figure 17.6 Intraoperative image of laparoscopic excision of epiphrenic dive...Figure 17.7 Intraoperative image depicting (A) staple line; (B) exposed esop...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Scleroderma can present with a myriad of esophageal endoscopic p...Figure 18.2 While the vast majority of SSc patients have esophageal involvem...Figure 18.3 The esophagus in a 63‐year‐old man with dysphagia in the context...Figure 18.4 (A) and (B) The esophagus of a 67‐year‐old woman with Crohn’s di...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Time trends of estimated prevalence of GERD in the United States...Figure 19.2 Stepwise diagnostic approach to phenotyping GERD. Step 1 is the ...Figure 19.3 Clinical assessment of symptoms (step 1). According to the Montr...Figure 19.4 Upper GI endoscopic evaluation for GERD (step 2). In GERD, the o...Figure 19.5 Applications of esophageal manometry in GERD. (A) Example of mul...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Inferior view on the diaphragm. Openings are visible for the ven...Figure 20.2 Relationship between the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincte...Figure 20.3 Results of an ambulatory 24‐hour monitoring study showing that t...Figure 20.4 Barium esophagogram showing a partially intrathoracic stomach wi...Figure 20.5 Endoscopic image of a sliding hiatus hernia. A small erosion is ...Figure 20.6 Endoscopic image of a sliding hiatus hernia with a Schatzki ring...Figure 20.7 Plain upright chest radiograph of a patient with a very large sl...Figure 20.8 Plain upright chest radiograph showing a retrocardiac air–fluid ...Figure 20.9 Coronal reconstruction of the gastroesophageal junction, scanned...
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Myoarchitecture of the lower esophageal Sphincter.Figure 21.2 Myoarchitecture of the esophageal hiatus formed by the right and...Figure 21.3 Myoarchitecture of the esophageal hiatus formed by the right and...Figure 21.4 3D pressure topography of the esophagogastric junction (EGJ). Me...Figure 21.5 Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLSER) recorded...Figure 21.6 Patterns of longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus dur...Figure 21.7 Neural pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and crura...Figure 21.8 Proposed sites of action of pharmacologic agents targeting trans...
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Esophageal mucosa and submucosa. Photomicrograph showing the his...Figure 22.2 Epithelial defense: structural components. (A) In humans, epithe...Figure 22.3 Transmission electron micrograph at 50,000X magnification showin...Figure 22.4 Immunostaining for the tight junction protein occludin in the hu...Figure 22.5 Epithelial defense: functional components. Functional components...Figure 22.6 Photomicrographs of the distal esophagus in rats after the surgi...Figure 22.7 Representative images of the distal esophagus from a single pati...
23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Time to onset of pain is related to the