Mucos...Figure 23.3 Cell proliferation under different pH conditions: (A) no acid; (...Figure 23.4 Transmission electron micrographs of rabbit esophageal mucosa. (...Figure 23.5 Relationship between percentage of time that bilirubin absorbanc...Figure 23.6 Laboratory spectrophotometric absorbance for bilirubin ditaurate...Figure 23.7 A typical pH‐Bilitec recording. The upper tracing from pH‐metry ...Figure 23.8 Relationship between percent of time that bilirubin absorbance i...Figure 23.9 Group median (A) acid reflux and (B) DGER for five study populat...Figure 23.10 Acid exposure and DGER in 65 patients with typical reflux sympt...Figure 23.11 Gastroesophageal reflux is detected by impedance and defined by...Figure 23.12 Simultaneous impedance‐pH‐Bilitec recordings. Esophageal biliru...Figure 23.13 Reflux‐associated symptom episodes in 72 patients: 165 symptom ...Figure 23.14 Omeprazole 20 mg bid markedly decreased both acid and DGER.Figure 23.15 A) Combined pH and Bilitec monitoring in a patient with typical...
24 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Trends in esophageal diseases related to H. pylori in developed ...Figure 24.2 Gastritis patterns in infection affect gastric acid secretion. A...Figure 24.3 Incidence of reflux esophagitis in patients with duodenal ulcer ...Figure 24.4 The Houston Consensus Conference suggests that patients receivin...
25 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Study showing a clear relationship between increase in body mass...Figure 25.2 Healing of erosive esophagitis at 8 weeks with various delayed‐r...Figure 25.3 Symptom relief after 4 weeks of daily therapy on once‐daily prot...
26 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 The evolution of diagnosing nonerosive reflux disease(NERD), fun...Figure 26.2 Diagnostic algorithm of patients with heartburn with either prov...Figure 26.3 Percentage of functional heartburn and reflux hypersensitivity p...Figure 26.4 Underlying mechanism for esophageal hypersensitivity.Figure 26.5 (A) Immunohistochemical nerve fiber identification with in the p...Figure 26.6 New metrics to separate between functional esophageal disorders ...Figure 26.7 Diagnostic algorithm of functional heartburn and reflux hypersen...Figure 26.8 Distribution of functional esophageal disorders, using Rome IV c...
27 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Spectrum of anatomical defects among patients with gastroesophag...Figure 27.2 Muscle fibers of the proximal stomach that make up the distal po...Figure 27.3 Radiofrequency generator for the Stretta procedure.Figure 27.4 Single‐use catheter for the Stretta procedure.Figure 27.5 Muscle fibers of the proximal stomach that make up the distal po...Figure 27.6 Endoscopic appearance after successful completion of the Stretta...Figure 27.7 Applying the principles of anti‐reflux surgery to laparoscopic f...Figure 27.8 Diagram and image of the muscle fibers in the distal esophagus (...Figure 27.9 The “60 seconds rule” for assessing the diaphragmatic hiatus in ...Figure 27.10 The goal of TIF 2.0 is to create full‐thickness serosa‐to‐seros...Figure 27.11 The multiple parts and features of the EsophyX®‐Z+ device. (A) ...Figure 27.12 The endoscope in position to provide light and visualization of...Figure 27.13 Mapping of the TIF 2.0 protocol using standard landmarks for pl...Figure 27.14 After completing three plications in the posterior corner, the ...Figure 27.15 After completing three plications in the anterior corner, the d...Figure 27.16 Mucosal ablation and suturing of the esophageal gastric junctio...Figure 27.17 Resection and plication (RAP) technique for GERD in a patient a...Figure 27.18 Summary diagram appropriating the various endoscopic anti‐reflu...
28 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 Example of referred sensation from abnormality in the lower esop...Figure 28.2 Esophageal abnormalities identified during MBS with esophageal s...Figure 28.3 International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI) ...Figure 28.4 Endoscopic view of laryngopharynx (A) at rest with vocal folds a...Figure 28.5 Air‐fluid column in stomach (A) disappears as patient belches (B...Figure 28.6 Rumination observed on fluoroscopy evidenced by LES relaxation a...Figure 28.7 Examples of radiographic findings on MBS related to GERD: (A) cr...Figure 28.8 Common pathologies thought to be related to reflux include (A) v...Figure 28.9 Normal vocal fold abduction (A), Paradoxical vocal fold closure ...
29 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Long‐segment Barrett’s with utilization of the Prague Classifica...Figure 29.2 (A) Image of low‐grade dysplasia with maintenance of mucosal arc...Figure 29.3 Diagrammatic representation of endoscopic Barrett’s esophagus sh...Figure 29.4 (A) High‐resolution images of non‐dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus...Figure 29.5 Visible lesions identified by high‐definition white‐light endosc...
30 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Common esophageal dilators. Clockwise from top: Maloney bougies,...Figure 30.2 Markings on two bougie dilators. The American markings are from ...Figure 30.3 The complicating role of inflammation and pills in stricture man...Figure 30.4 (A) Peptic stricture with severe esophagitis in an elderly veter...Figure 30.5 The association of Schatzki rings and GERD. The actual probabili...Figure 30.6 Esophageal web in the proximal esophagus in a patient with Plumm...Figure 30.7 Patient with recalcitrant dysphagia and lichen planus. A 66‐year...Figure 30.8 Endoscopic balloon dilation followed by intralesional steroid in...Figure 30.9 Benign anastomotic stricture with a diameter of 5 mm. (A) Needle...Figure 30.10 Anastomotic stricture before and after placement of a covered m...Figure 30.11 Clinical outcomes of patients with refractory benign esophageal...Figure 30.12 Method of esophageal self‐dilation. After lubrication with wate...Figure 30.13 Suggested algorithm for stricture dilation and management. Simp...
31 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Cobblestoning of the posterior pharynx.Figure 31.2 Normal laryngeal endoscopy.Figure 31.3 (A) Leukoplakia; (B) bilateral vocal fold edema and thick mucus;...Figure 31.4 Proposed diagnostic/treatment algorithm for EER.
32 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Major mechanisms by which gastroesophageal reflux can induce pul...Figure 32.2 Abnormal bolus exposure time on MII‐pH was predictive of (A) pre...Figure 32.3 Evidence for antireflux therapy in the lung transplant populatio...
33 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Drawing of a LINX device in the open and closed position, and si...Figure 35.2 As each bead separates, the magnetic force decays.Figure 35.3 ex vivo porcine stomach demonstrating inherent LES yield pressur...Figure 35.4 Initial view of hiatus – in this case, minimal if any hiatal her...Figure 35.5 Formal crural dissection prior to repair.Figure 35.6 Crural repair until no gap is present between the untensioned es...Figure 35.7 Sizing method of closing the sizer until the white flexible tip ...Figure 35.8 Additional sizing method of closing the sizer, compressing the e...Figure 35.9 LINX device in place, lying noncompressively and obliquely along...Figure 35.10 GERD‐HRQL scores post‐MSA. Single series of 134 patients, all f...Figure 35.11 Subjective outcomes of patients post‐MSA up to 10 years.Figure 35.12 Esophageal acid exposure in 134 patients at least six years pos...Figure 35.13 Pre‐ and postoperative manometric findings in LINX patients....Figure 35.14 Forest plot favors fewer gas‐bloat symptoms with MSA.Figure 35.15 Forest plot ability to vomit, favors MSA.Figure 35.16 Forest plot ability to belch, Favors MSA.Figure 35.17 Comparison of LINX MSA to Angelchik Prosthesis.Figure 35.18 Time to presentation of erosion by year.Figure 35.19 Prevalence (%) of the patients requiring dilation by year (2013...
34 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Distributions of GERD‐related disorders according to sex, geogra...Figure 36.2 Obesity has been associated with increased intragastric pressure...
35 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Endoscopic examination of a squamous cell carcinoma. (A) View of...Figure 37.2 Endoscopic ultrasound examination demonstrates a T1N0 lesion (ar...Figure 37.3 Endoscopic ultrasound examination demonstrates a T3N1 lesion, an...Figure 37.4 Endoscopic examination in a patient with long‐segment Barrett’s ...Figure 37.5 Endoscopic examination in a patient with dysphagia and weight lo...Figure 37.6 Granular cell tumor (arrow indicates lesion).Figure 37.7 Squamous papilloma (arrow indicates lesion).
36 Chapter 38Figure 38.1 Schematic representation of tumor and nodal stage in esophageal ...Figure 38.2 Cap EMR technique. (A) Saline injection to raise the lesion; (B)...Figure 38.3 Band EMR technique. (A) Deployment of the snare over banded muco...Figure 38.4 The initial step in endoscopic resection is to create a submucos...Figure 38.5 Methods of using endoscopic knives for initial incision in endos...Figure 38.6 Comparable overall survival of patients with T1a esophageal aden...Figure 38.7 Forest plot of studies comparing overall five‐year survival betw...
37 Chapter 39Figure 39.1 Clinical TNM classification (8th edition) of esophageal carcinom...Figure 39.2 Endoscopic ultrasonography for staging of esophageal carcinoma. ...Figure 39.3 Positron emission tomography scan showing uptake of 18‐fluorodeo...Figure 39.4 Abdominal stage of fully