the use of miniaturized extraction devices based on membrane-protected sorbents has also been explored for the analysis of PAEs in water. That is the case of Wang and co-workers [94], who developed a small device (1 cm × 1.5 cm) using a polypropylene membrane sheet as a kind of heat-sealed bag containing 10 mg of sorbent. The extraction was developed introducing the extraction device in the sample and stirring for a certain time while the device tumbled freely. Then, the device was taken out with a pair of tweezers, dried with a tissue paper and the analytes were desorbed with MeOH in a vial. After that, the device was washed with MeOH and this volume was combined with the desorption portion. In this case, three materials were evaluated as possible sorbents in terms of enrichment factors, MIL-101(Cr), MIL-100(Fe) and powdered activated carbon. MIL-101(Cr) showed the strongest adsorption ability for the extraction of the six PAEs selected from bottled water samples, providing suitable extraction recovery.
1.6 Conclusions
The use of sorbent-based microextraction techniques is a current trend in sample preparation that will surely continue its consolidation during next years as a result of their inherent advantages related with Green Analytical Chemistry principles. Such techniques have also been applied with success for the extraction of PAEs from different types of water samples. Among them, SPME has been mostly used, followed by dSPE. SBSE, as a variation of SPME, has also been applied but in extremely few occasions together with other small variants of each of the technique. Though commercial sorbents can also be used for such purpose, the latest achievements in this field have been done using laboratory made coatings, mainly using nanomaterials such as MWCNTs, graphene, GO, coated m-NPs, etc., as well as new polymers or nanoporous materials such as MOFs. In this last case, a suitable characterization of them using different surface characterization techniques is necessary as well as clear demonstration of their stability and batch-to-batch reproducibility. In all probability, this will constitute an active research area in the near future.
Once suitably optimized, the application of all these extraction procedures has demonstrated that PAEs are present in nearly any type of water sample as a result of their capacity to migrate from plastics, which is probably their main source. Further studies should also continue to be assessed in order to continue monitoring their presence in all environmental compartments.
Acknowledgements
J.G.S. would like to thank “Cabildo de Tenerife” for the Agustín de Betancourt contract at the Universidad de La Laguna.
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