and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital “Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli” at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Thomas F. Lang UC San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Keliane Liberman Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Federica Macchi Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Emanuele Marzetti Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Institute of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Rome, Italy Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital “Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli”, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Beatriz Montero‐Errasquín Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
John E. Morley Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Nicole Nori Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Kristina Norman Department of Nutrition and Gerontology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
Graziano Onder Department of Geriatrics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Laura Orlandini Health Care of the Older Person, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
Stany Perkisas Geriatric Medicine, Medical School, Department Geriatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Mark D. Peterson Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan‐Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Mathew Piasecki Clinical, Metabolic and Molecular Physiology, MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Anna Picca Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Teaching Hospital “Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli” at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Steven Phu Department of Medicine‐Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Jean‐Yves Reginster Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health aspects of musculoskeletal health and ageing, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
Andrea P. Rossi Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Avan Aihie Sayer AGE Research Group, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, UK
Laura Schaap Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
José A. Serra Chair Geriatric Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Complutense, CIBER‐FES, Madrid, Spain
Cornel Sieber Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich‐Alexander‐University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland
Maurits Vandewoude Geriatric Medicine, Medical School, Department Geriatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Marjolein Visser Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
R. Visvanathan Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G‐TRAC Centre), Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence on Frailty and Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Aged & Extended Care Services, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Stefano Volpato Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Stéphane Walrand Université Clermont Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont‐Ferrand, France INRA, UMR 1019, Unite de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH, Clermont‐Ferrand, France
Jean Woo Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Solomon Yu National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Frailty and Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Yves Rolland INSERM Unit 1027; Université de Toulouse; Gérontopole, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
Mauro Zamboni Department of Medicine, Geriatric Division, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Marta Zampino Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jesse Zanker Department of Medicine‐Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Preface
Since the original coining of the term sarcopenia in 1988, there has been a rapid increase in the development of scientific approaches to its pathophysiology, definition (together with ethnic appropriate cut‐offs), and management. This was highlighted when sarcopenia was established as a muscle disease with its own ICD‐CM diagnosis code (ICD‐10‐CMM62.84). Primary sarcopenia (age related) is of central interest to geriatricians, nutritionists, gerontologists, epidemiologists, biologists, physical and occupational therapists, and all health professionals who provide care for older persons. Secondary sarcopenia has become an increasingly important, treatable side effect of chronic diseases, e.g. congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in many persons.
Since the first edition of Sarcopenia some eight years ago, there have been major advances in the understanding of the basic science concepts of how aging interacts with muscles to alter its function. This has been coupled with an increased knowledge in methodology to measure muscle mass and function. There has been a realization that the decline in function due to muscle loss is the hallmark in the development of sarcopenia. This has led to more sophisticated definitions of the disease and a recognition that these definitions require ethnic‐specific definitions. While the primary treatment of sarcopenia relies on resistance and other exercises together with nutritional approaches, a large number of pharmacological agents to treat sarcopenia are under development. These exciting and rapid changes have led us to produce a second edition of this book.
This new edition remains a clear and precise reference work for all those health professionals, exercise physiologists, and researchers interested in understanding the complexity of sarcopenia. This book provides the state of art of the complexity involved in the biological aspects of age‐related muscle wasting alongside the direct effects of disease on muscles. It explores the rapidly increasing epidemiological knowledge demonstrating the devastating effects of sarcopenia on health outcomes and quality of life of individuals. It explores in detail the modern diagnostic and